Latest.

Site presentation changes.

wider 920px layout.

Autumn Algarve sun

Pictures in the Gallery

Pictures From Bavaria

Simon & Sabines Bavarian wedding in the Gallery

The Maker cms features on Python 411

Python podcast series by Ron Stephens.

The Maker cms 1.1 on Apple Downloads

the maker on Apple.com&trade

The Maker cms 1.1 ready for download

update to the latest version now...!

Color Rush --free app

For iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. Fun and addictive, get it now from the app store..

The Maker cms mentioned in Linux Pro magazine

short review of the latest release.

HTML crib sheet added

'crib sheet added' simple look up for some common and uncommonly used tags

How To's Added

'More How To's added' SSH, DNS, Password protection and WordPress™

The Maker and WP

The Maker and WordPress... an amazing combination, More…

Triviopaedia…

About Trivopaedia version 2.0

Please send in ideas and content for future versions. Note that all the pure textual content is

also available in Palm Desktop, iSilo, Plucker and DOC formats. (In various version numbers)

Trivopaedia is freeware. While you're here, why not check out 3-Lib, general articles, info and links for Psion and Symbian PDAs

(http://3lib.ukonline.co.uk/)

A brief history

Started by rregal@cix.co.uk back in the mists of time and merged with data from my own Trivia program for the

Psion Series 3 classic. And then added to in various bits as we went on, thanks particularly to Christian Eyrich(!),

Michael Hoehne, Steve Hawtin, Richard Lambley, Roger Burton-West, Jim Willsher, Ian Sayers, Alan Jones, Simon Williams,

Colin Smith, Andrew Giddings, Andre van Linden, Thomas Floyd, Richard Weeber, David Aldous, Stewart Shine, Mark Wilder,

Daniel Pope, Kevin Turner, Neil Jowett, Roland Francies, David Rushall, Austen Gower, A Nieman, Paul Ward, Colin Spurdle,

Jim Ventola, Patrick Hahn, Richard Moss, Paul Bamber, Jim Johnston, Joshua Holman and others on the net.

Airline Codes

AA American Airlines

AC Air Canada

AD Lone Star Airlines

AF Air France

AQ Aloha Airlines

AR Aerolineas Argentinas

AS Alaska Airlines

AY Finnair

AZ Alitalia Airlines

BA British Airways

BR Eva Airlines

CA Air China

CI China Airlines

CO Continental

CP Canadian Airlines

CX Cathay Pacific

DL Delta Airlines

EI Aer Lingus

EA European Regions Airlines

F9 Frontier Airlines

FF Tower Air

FI Icelandair

FQ Air Aruba

HA Hawaiian Airlines

HP America West

IB Iberia Airlines

JI Midway Airlines

JL Japan Airlines

JM Air Jamaica

JR AeroCalifornia

KE Korean Air

KL KLM Royal Dutch

KP Kiwi International

KW Carnival Airlines

KX Cayman Airlines

LG Luxair

LH Lufthansa

LM Alm-Antillean

LY El-Al (Israel)

MH Malaysian Airlines

MS Egypt Air

MX Mexicana Airlines

NH All Nippon Airways

NW Northwest Airlines

NZ Air New Zealand

OA Olympic Airways

OZ Asiana Airlines

PR Philippine Airlines

QF Qantas Airlines

QQ Reno Air

RG Varig

SA South African Airlines

SK Scandinavian Airlines

SQ Singapore Airlines

SR Swissair

SU Aeroflot

T3 Tristar Airlines

TA Taca Airlines

TE Lithuanian Airlines

TG Thai Airways

TW TWA

TZ American Trans Air

UA United Airlines

US USAir

VS Virgin Atlantic

WV Air South

YV Mesa Airlines

YX Midwest Express

ZK Great Lakes Aviation

Angles

90Ôæ∞ Right Angle

0Ôæ∞ - 90Ôæ∞ Acute angle

90Ôæ∞ - 180Ôæ∞ Obtuse angle.

180Ôæ∞ - 360Ôæ∞ Reflex angle.

Angles are also sometimes expressed in radians, with 2 * Pi radians representing an entire revolution. A radian is therefore just over 57 degrees.

Pi itself is defined as the ratio of the circumference to the diameter for a circle. See also the separate entry for 'Pi'.

Anniversaries (UK)

1 Paper

2 Cotton

3 Leather

4 Fruit/Flowers

5 Wooden

6 Sugar/Iron

7 Wool/Coppe

8 Bronze/Potter

9 Willow

10 Tin

11 Steel

12 Silk/Linen

13 Lace

14 Ivory

15 Crystal

20 China

25 Silver

30 Pearl

35 Coral

40 Ruby

45 Sapphire

50 Gold

55 Emerald

60 Diamond

70 Platinum

Apollo missions

Apollo 1

Launch: - (scheduled for 21.2.1967)

Crew: Virgil Grissom, Ed White, Roger Chaffee

Mission: ?

Duration: -

Remarks:

Apollo 1 crew were tragically lost in fire during pre-launch test on January 27th 1967

Apollo 4

Launch: 09.11.1967

Crew: none

Mission: Demonstrate structural and thermal integrity of launch vehicle and spacecraft.

Duration: 8 h 36 min 59 s

Remarks:

First unmanned flight test of the newly developed Saturn-V rocket. It was a success despite computer failure and fuel leak during the flight.

Apollo 5

Launch: 22.01.1968

Crew: none

Mission: first unmanned flight test of the Lunar Module in earth orbit.

Duration: 8 h 36 min 59 s

Remarks:

The rocket used was a scaled down version of the Saturn V: the Saturn IB. Apollo 5 caught up on some of Apollo 1's flight tests.

Apollo 6

Launch: 04.04.1968

Crew: none

Mission: Demonstrate structure and thermal integrity and compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft. Verify operation of Saturn V propulsion, guidance and control, and electrical systems.

Duration: 10 h 22 min 59 s

Remarks:

Second unmanned flight of Saturn V. Early cutoff of S-II engines and overburn of S-IVB engine caused unplanned elliptical orbit.

Apollo 7

Launch: 11.10.1968

Crew: Walter M. Schirra, Don F. Eisele, Walter Cunningham

Mission: first manned mission, 163 earth orbits

Duration: 10 Days 20 h 9 min

Remarks:

Flight with Saturn IB.

Apollo 8

Launch: 21.12.1968

Crew: Frank Bormann, James A. Lovell, William A. Anders

Mission: Mondumfliegung

Duration: 6 Days 3 h 42 s

Remarks:

first manned lunar orbit (with Saturn V)

Apollo 9

Launch: 03.03.1969

Crew: James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, Russel L. Schweickart

Mission: Start of a complete moon flight system in a earth orbit, 151 earth orbits

Duration: 10 Days 1 h 53 s

Lunar Module: Spider

Command and Service Module: Gumdrop

Remarks:

Coupling of Service Module with Lunar Module in a earth orbit.

Apollo 10

Launch: 15.05.1969

Crew: Thomas P. Stafford, John W. Young, Eugene A. Cernan

Mission: first flight to a lunar orbit and simulating the application of the lunar module

Duration: 8 Days 3 min 23 s

Lunar Module: Snoopy

Command and Service Module: Charlie Brown

Remarks:

Lunar Module with astronauts Stafford and Young converged up to 14 kilometers to the lunar surface

Apollo 11

Launch: 16.07.1969 9.32 Uhr

Crew: Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin

Landed on Moon: 20. Juli 1969

First step: 02:56:15 UT July 21, 1969

Landing site: Mare Tranquillitatis (0.67Ôæ∞ N, 23.47Ôæ∞ E)

Returned to Earth: 24. Juli 1969

Duration: 8 Days 3 h 18 min 35 sec

Lunar Module: Eagle

Command and Service Module: Columbia

Remarks:

First Lunar Landing Mission, one excursion with total time of 2 hours and 15 minutes

Apollo 12

Launch: 14.11.1969

Crew: Charles Conrad, Richard F. Gordon, Alan L. Bean

Landed on Moon: 19. November 1969

Landing site: Oceanus Procellarum (3.01Ôæ∞ S, 23.42Ôæ∞ W), with distance of only only 183m from the Surveyor III spacecraft.

Returned to Earth: 24. November 1969

Duration: 10 Days 4 h 36 min 24 s

Stay on the moon: 31 h 31 min

Lunar Module: Intrepid

Command and Service Module: Yankee Clipper

Remarks:

Two excursions with total time of 7 hours and 39 minutes.

Apollo 12's mission almost ended seconds after launch. Saturn rocket hit by lightning twice, 32 sec. and 52 sec. after launch temporarily cutting electrical power and telemetry. Seconds after it was up again, Houston decided to continue the mission.

Apollo 13

Launch: 11.04.1970

Crew: James A. Lovell, John L. Swigert, Fred W. Haise

Duration: 5 Days 22 h 54 min 41 s

Lunar Module: Aquarius

Command and Service Module: Odyssey

Remarks:

Explosion in one of the oxygen tanks on the way to the moon, no landing on the moon.

Apollo 14

Launch: 31.01.1971

Crew: Alan B. Shepard, Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell

Landed on Moon: 5. Februar 1971

Landing site: Fra Mauro (3.65Ôæ∞ S, 17.47Ôæ∞ W)

Returned to Earth: 9. Februar 1971

Duration: 9 Days 0 Stunden 42 Minuten

Apollo missions (cont.)

Stay on the moon: 33 h 31 min

Lunar Module: Antares

Command and Service Module: Kitty Hawk

Remarks:

Two excursions with total time of 9 hours and 25 minutes.

Apollo 15

Launch: 26.07.1971

Crew: David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, James B. Irwin

Landed on Moon: 30. Juli 1971

Landing site: Hadley-Rille / Apenninen (26.13Ôæ∞ N, 3.63Ôæ∞ E)

Returned to Earth: 7. August 1971

Duration: 12 Days 7 h 11 min 53s

Stay on the moon: 66 h 55 min

Lunar Module: Falcon

Command and Service Module: Endeavour

Remarks:

Three excursions with total time of 18 hours and 36 minutes, first mission with Lunar Roving Vehicle.

Apollo 16

Launch: 16.04.1972

Crew: John Young, Thomas Mattingly, Charles Duke

Landed on Moon: 21. April 1972

Landing site: Descartes (8.99Ôæ∞ S, 15.49Ôæ∞ E)

Returned to Earth: 27. April 1972

Duration: 11 Days 1 h 51 min 5 s

Stay on the moon: 71 h 2 min

Lunar Module: Orion

Command and Service Module: Casper

Remarks:

Three excursions with total time of 20 hours and 14 minutes, with the Lunar Roving Vehicle too.

Apollo 17

Launch: 06.12.1972

Crew: Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, Harrison H. Schmitt

Landed on Moon: 11. Dezember 1972

Landing site: Taurus-Littrow (20.18Ôæ∞ N, 30.76Ôæ∞ E)

Returned to Earth: 19. Dezember 1972

Duration: 12 Days 13 Stunden 51 Minuten

Stay on the moon: 75 h 0 min

Lunar Module: Challenger

Command and Service Module: America

Remarks:

Three two excursions with total time of 22 hours and 6 minutes, using the Lunar Roving Vehicle too.

Apollo-Sojus (ASTP)

Launch: 15. Juli 1975

Crew: Thomas Stafford, Vance Brand, Donald Slayton

Duration: 12 Days 13 Stunden 51 Minuten

Remarks:

Rendezvous of the separately launched Apollo-Capsule with Soyus 19 (Crew: Alexej A. Leonow and Valerij N. Kubasow) in earth orbit.

The rocket was a Saturn IB for the last time.

Apollo 18 - 20

Originally three more mission should have been performed: Apollo 18, 19 and 20. These were cancelled because of shortenings in NASA's budget.

To preserve at least the successor program Skylab, NASA first cancelled Apollo 20 in January 1970 and then in September Apollo 15 and 19. The remaining missions were renumbered to 15-17.

The following astronauts were expected to take off with Apollo 18-20:

Apollo 18

Commandant: Richard Gordon

Pilot: Vance Brand

Pilot of Lunar Module: Harrison H. Schmitt

Apollo 19

Commandant: Fred W. Haise

Pilot: Willam Pogue

Pilot of Lunar Module: Gerald Carr

Apollo 20

Commandant: Charles Conrad oder Stuart Roosa

Pilot: Paul Weitz

Pilot of Lunar Module: Jack Lousma

Harrison Schmitt became Apollo 17's pilot of the Lunar Module after his mission was cancelled. He replaced Joe Engle who commanded two Shuttle missions.

Vance Brand took part in the Apollo-Soyus (ASTP) and three Shuttle missions.

Charles Conrad and Paul Weitz were the first crew on Skylab.

Jack Lousma was a member of the second Skylab mission, William Pogue and Gerald Carr of the third.

Artificial languages

Esperanto 1887

Idiom Neutral 1902

Ido 1903

Interglossa 1943

Interlingua 1950

Loglan 1955

Niu Tutonish 1906

Novial 1928

Occidental 1922

Pankel ?

Tutonish 1888

Volapuk 1879

Klingon 1985

ASCII standard characters

7 Beep

8 Backspace

9 Tab

10 Line feed

12 Form feed

13 Carriage Return

27 Escape

32 Space

33 !

34 "

35 #

36 $

37 %

38 & (Ampersand)

39 '

40 (

41 )

42 *

43 +

44 ,

45 -

46 .

47 /

48 0

49 1

50 2

51 3

52 4

53 5

54 6

55 7

56 8

57 9

58 :

59 ;

60 < (Less than)

61 =

62 >

63 ?

64 @

65 A

66 B

67 C

68 D

69 E

70 F

71 G

72 H

73 I

74 J

75 K

76 L

77 M

78 N

79 O

80 P

81 Q

82 R

83 S

84 T

85 U

86 V

87 W

88 X

89 Y

90 Z

91 [

92 \

93 ]

94 ^

95 _

96 `

97 a

98 b

99 c

100 d

101 e

102 f

103 g

104 h

105 i

106 j

107 k

108 l

109 m

110 n

111 o

112 p

113 q

114 r

115 s

116 t

117 u

118 v

119 w

120 x

121 y

122 z

123 {

124 |

125 }

126 ~

162 Cent sign

163 Pound sign

165 Yen sign

169 Copyright sign

176 Degree sign

177 Plus-or-minus sign

Attraction Signs

Miles of smiles

Get grinning If you want to interest someone across a crowded room, first make sure you are established chatting with your most amusing pals. Each time you smile at their wit, catch the eye of the person you want to attract at the same time. They'll be unconsciously attracted to your smiles and want to come over and join in the fun.

Body moves

Men like to be approached from the side and women prefer to be approached from the front. Lean in towards the person and, if they like you, they will also lean towards you. Start to mirror some of their movements; pick up your drink at the same time, cross or uncross your legs as they do. If they respond in turn, the message may be mutual.

Eye eye

Lingering looks make the world go round. When chatting, we tend to keep our eyes on the speaker and then look away before starting to talk. Each time the talking changes from the other person to you, hold their gaze for as long as you dare before looking away. Short-sighted women are on to a winner because they appear to men to be gazing into their eyes, when in fact it's just a spot of myopia. Dilated pupils suggest you fancy someone, so keep the lights low but don't be deceived by someone else's dark deep eyes; their pupils may be dilated just because they are tired or drunk.

Sounds good

The art of sounding attractive is to speak softly and lower your voice as much as possible, to warm the tone. Sit down if you can so that your voice is more relaxed, but don't lean back, as this changes your tone too much. Men should make their voices as musical as possible, using as varied a range of notes as they can, whereas women have to try not to squeal.

Silent signals

Scents can stun but may mask natural animal attraction. The most mysterious sex signals are our pheromones, which somehow waft through the air. They may be produced from the armpits and are subtle enough to be masked by deodorants, so it's a fine line between sexual attraction and being simply smelly. Decisions, decisions

Balls and their sizes

Sport, Weight (in g), Perimeter (in cm)

Baseball 142-149 22.9-23.5

Basketball 600-650 75.0-80.0

Fistball 300-350 65.0-71.0

Soccer 396-453 68.0-71.0

Golf 45-48 12.6

Handball 400-500 48.0-60.0

Hockey 156-163 23.0-23.5

Netball 400-500 58.0-60.0

Cricket 156-163 22.0

Medicine ball 1.500-3.000 110.0

Rugby 395-425 28.58*17.94

Rounders 70-85 19.0-21.0

Tennis 56.5-58.5 20.0-41.0

Table-tennis 2.4-2.5 11.4-12.1

Water polo 400-450 68.0-71.0

Basic English Prosody (Poetry)

English syllables are often said to be stressed or unstressed or emphasized or not. Linguists say there are actually four degrees of stress in spoken English, from strongest to weakest. But in traditional scansion (the marking of the stresses in lines of poetry) we use only two: weak and strong. In this document, a weak syllable is marked with o and a strong one with x. Thus the word "packet" would be x o while the word "begin" would be o x.

A line of poetry is made up of one or more feet, probably because there is a tendency to tap the toe on a strong beat.

Feet

------

Iamb: An unaccented syllable followed by an accented one: o x

Trochee: One accented and one unaccented syllable: x o

Anapest: Two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable: o o x

Dactyl: One accented and two unaccented syllables: x o o

Spondee: Two accented syllables: x x

Lines

-------

Lines are made up of one or more feet, as follows:

monometer one foot

dimeter two feet

trimeter three feet

tetrameter four feet

pentameter five feet

hexameter six feet

septameter seven feet

So "iambic pentameter" means a line consisting of five iambic feet and

"trochaic trimeter" means a line consisting of three trochees.

A Mnemonic

------------------

Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote a little poem as an aid to remembering the feet:

Trochee trips from long to short,

From long to short in solemn sort.

Slow spondee stalks; strong foot yet ill able

Ever to come up with Dactyl tri-syllable.

Iambics march from short to long--

With a leap and a bound the swift Anapests throng.

Poetic Forms

-------------------

Lyric: Short poem expressing personal emotion

Epic: Long narrative poem involving mythology

Ballad: Short poem about a legend or historic event

Ode: Meditative poem of middle length, often about a public event or issue

Satire: According to Samuel Johnson, "a poem in which wickedness or folly is censured"

Sonnet:

----------

Italian (Petrarchan, Miltonic) Sonnet: lyric of 14 lines of iambic pentameter divided into an octet (rhymed abbaabba) and a sestet (rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd)

Spenserian Sonnet: rhymed abab bcbc cdcd ee

English (Elizabethan, Shakesperean) Sonnet: rhymed abab cdcd efef gg

Limerick

------------

5 anapest lines with this scheme:

Lines 1,2,5: [o] o x o o x o o x [o] [o]

Lines 3,4: [o] o x o o x [o] [o]

There was a young lady of Niger.

Who smiled as she rode on a tiger.

They returned from the ride

With the lady inside,

And the smile on the face of the tiger.

German example:

Es gab einen Mann in Holzminden,

der war ein Genie im Erfinden.

Eines Tages erfand

er das Loch ohne Rand.

Ich glaub', das erkl√§rt sein Verschwinden.

Beer measures

Nip Ôæº pt

Small ÔæΩ pt

Large 1 pt

Flagon 2 pts

Peck 2 gallons (16 pts)

Pin 4ÔæΩ gallons (36 pts)

Bushel 8 gallons (4 pecks)

Firkin 9 gallons (72 pts)

Anker 10 gallons (80 pts)

Kilderkin 18 gallons (2 firkins)

Barrel 36 gallons (2 kilderkins)

Hogshead 54 gallons (432 pts)

Pipe 128 gallons (4 barrels)

Tun 256 gallons (2 pipes)

Best and worst films ever

The Top 20 best films ever (according to reviewers on the Internet)

1. The Godfather (1972)

2. The Shawshank Redemption (1994)

3. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)

4. Shichinin no samurai (1954)

5. The Godfather: Part II (1974)

6. Casablanca (1942)

7. Schindler's List (1993)

8. Pulp Fiction (1994)

9. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)

10. Citizen Kane (1941)

11. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)

12. Star Wars (1977)

13. Buono, il brutto, il cattivo, Il (1966)

14. The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)

15. The Usual Suspects (1995)

16. Cidade de Deus (2002)

17. Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back (1980)

18. 12 Angry Men (1957)

19. Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)

20. Rear Window (1954)

Top 20 Highest-grossing films ever (Worldwide, in millions of US dollars)

1. Titanic (1997) $1,835

2. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) $1,129

3. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) $969

4. Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999) $922

5. The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) $922

6. Jurassic Park (1993) $920

7. Shrek 2 (2004) $881

8. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) $866

9. Finding Nemo (2003) $865

10. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) $861

11. Independence Day (1996) $811

12. Spider-Man (2002) $807

13. Star Wars (1977) $798

14. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) $789

15. Spider-Man 2 (2004) $784

16. The Lion King (1994) $783

17. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) $757

18. The Matrix Reloaded (2003) $736

19. Forrest Gump (1994) $679

20. The Sixth Sense (1999) $662

21. Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) $653

22. Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002) $648

23. The Incredibles (2004) $624

24. Lost World: Jurassic Park, The (1997) $614

25. The Passion of the Christ (2004) $604

The Top 20 Worst films ever made (according to reviewers on the Internet)

1. Universal Soldier - The Return (1999)

2. Mac and Me (1988)

3. FearDotCom (2002)

4. Soul Plane (2004)

5. Son of the Pink Panther (1993)

6. Speed 2: Cruise Control (1997)

7. Iron Eagle II (1988)

8. The Mangler (1995)

9. Jaws 3-D (1983)

10. Cyborg 2 (1993)

11. An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1997)

12. The Foreigner (2003)

13. Cop & 1/2 (1993)

14. Torque (2004)

15. The Smokers (2000)

16. Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987)

17. Crossroads (2002)

18. Double Dragon (1994)

19. Plump Fiction (1997)

20. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995)

Top 20 Most Expensive Films - Budget in Millions of Dollars

1 Lord of the Rings (2001) $300

2 Titanic (1997) $200

3 Dinosaur (2000) $200

4 Waterworld (1995) $175

5 Wild Wild West (1999) $170

6 Speed 2 (1997) $150

7 Tarzan (1999) $150

8 Armageddon (1998) $140

9 Lethal Weapon 4 (1998) $140

10 Pearl Harbor (2001) $140

11 Final Fantasy (2001) $140

12 Spider-Man (2002) $140

13 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) $130

14 Godzilla (1998) $125

15 Mission: Impossible 2 (2000) $125

16 The Grinch (2000) $125

17 The World is Not Enough (1999) $120

18 The Perfect Storm (2000) $120

19 The Phantom Menace (1999) $115

20 Monsters, Inc. (2001) $115

Bible - The Apocrypha

Historical Books

I Esdras

II Esdras

Tobit

Judith

The Rest of Esther

I Maccabees

II Maccabees

III Maccabees

IV Maccabees

Poetical Books

Wisdom

Sirach

Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

Prayer of Manasseh

Psalm 151

Prophetical Books

Baruch

Epistle of Jeremy

History of Susanna

Bel and the Dragon

Bible - The New Testament

The Gospels/The Birth of the Church

Matthew

Mark

Luke

John

The Acts

Letters to the Churches

Romans

I Corinthians

II Corinthians

Galatians

Ephesians

Philippians

Colossians

I Thessalonians

II Thessalonians

I Timothy

II Timothy

Titus

Philemon

Hebrews

James

I Peter

II Peter

I John

II John

III John

Jude

The Second Coming of Jesus

Revelation

Bible - The Old Testament

The Pentateuch

Genesis

Exodus

Leviticus

Numbers

Deuteronomy

Historical Books

Joshua

Judges

Ruth

I Samuel

II Samuel

I Kings

II Kings

I Chronicles

II Chronicles

Ezra

Nehemiah

Esther

Poetical Books

Job

Psalms

Proverbs

Ecclesiastes

Song of Solomon

Major Prophetical Books

Isaiah

Jeremiah

Lamentations

Ezekiel

Daniel

Minor Prophetical Books

Hosea

Joel

Amos

Obadiah

Jonah

Micah

Nahum

Habakkuk

Zephaniah

Haggai

Zechariah

Malachi

Bible - Translations

Wycliffe - 1384 AD

Tyndale - 1526 AD

Coverdale - 1535 AD

Matthew - 1537 AD

Great Bible - 1539 AD

Geneva Bible - 1560 AD

Bishop's Bible - 1568 AD

Authorized (King James Version) - 1611 AD

The New Testament in Modern Speech (Weymouth) - 1903 AD

A New Translation of the Bible (Moffatt) - 1913 and 1924 AD

The Complete Bible: an American Translation (Goodspeed) - 1927 AD

The Holy Bible (Knox) - 1944 and 1949 AD

The Revised Standard Version (The Common Bible) - 1946 and 1952 AD

The New World Translation (Jehovah's Witnesses) - 1950 and 1960 AD

The Authentic New Testament (Schonfield) - 1955 AD

The Amplified Bible - 1958 AD

The New Testament in Modern English (Phillips) - 1958 AD

The Holy Bible: The Berkeley Version in Modern English - 1959 AD

The New English Bible - 1961 and 1970 AD

The Jerusalem Bible - 1966 AD

Good News Bible - 1966 and 1976 AD

The Living Bible (Taylor) - 1971 AD

New International Version - 1974 and 1979 AD

New King James Version - 1980 and 1982 AD

The Message (Peterson) - 1993 AD

New Living Translation (Tyndale House) - 1996 AD

English Standard Version - 2001 AD

Holman Christian Standard Bible - 2001 and 2004 AD

Today's New International Version - 2002 and 2005 AD

World English Bible - 2002 to 2005

Biomes

Terrestrial

------------

Selva (Tropical Rainforest)

Semi Deciduous Tropical Rainforest

Tropical Scrub Forest

Savanna (Tropical Grassland)

Desert

Deciduous Forest

Chaparral (Temporate Scrub Forest)

Prairie (Temporate Grassland)

Taiga (Coniferous Forest)

Steppe (Sub-artic Grassland)

Tundra

Undifferentiated Highlands

Ice

Marine

--------

Temperate Coastal Esteries

Current Collision Zones

Ekman Spirals

Polar Seas

Coral Reefs

Kelp

Continental Shelf

Deep Ocean

Birthstones

January Garnet

February Amethyst

March Aquamarine

April Diamond

May Emerald

June Pearl

July Ruby

August Peridot

September Sapphire

October Opal

November Blue Topaz

December Turquoise

Booker Prize Winners

2003 Vernon God Little, DBC Pierre

2002 Life of Pi, Yann Martel

2001 True History of the Kelly Gang, Peter Carey

2000 The Blind Assassin, Margaret Atwood

1999 Disgrace, J. M. Coetzee

1998 Amsterdam, Ian McEwan

1997 The God of Small Things, Arundhati Roy

1996 Last Orders, Graham Swift

1995 The Ghost Road, Pat Barker

1994 How Late It Was, How Late, James Kelman

1993 Paddy Clark Ha Ha Ha, Roddy Doyle

1992 The English Patient, Michael Ondaatje (co-winner)

Sacred Hunger, Barry Unsworth (co-winner)

1991 The Famished Road, Ben Okri

1990 Possession, A. S. Byatt

1989 The Remains of the Day, Kazuo Ishiguro

1988 Oscar and Lucinda, Peter Carey

1987 Moon Tiger, Penelope Lively

1986 The Old Devils, Kingsley Amis

1985 The Bone People, Keri Hulme

1984 Hotel du Lac, Anita Brookner

1983 Life and Times of Michael K., J. M. Coetzee

1982 Schindler's Ark, Thomas Keneally

1981 Midnight's Children, Salman Rushdie

1980 Rites of Passage, William Golding

1979 Offshore, Penelope Fitzgerald

1978 The Sea, The Sea, Iris Murdoch

1977 Staying On, Paul Scott

1976 Saville, David Storey

1975 Heat and Dust, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

1974 The Conservationist, Nadine Gordimer (co-winner)

1973 The Siege of Krishnapur, J.G. Farrell

1972 G, John Berger

1971 In a Free State, V.S. Naipaul

1970 The Elected Member, Bernice Rubens

1969 Something to Answer For, P. H. Newby

Boxing Weight Divisions

Listed in Kg/Lbs

Straw weight - 48/105

Mini flyweight - 48/105

Junior flyweight - 49/108

Light flyweight - 49/108

Flyweight - 51/112

Junior Bantam - 52/115

Super flyweight - 52/115

Bantamweight - 54/118

Junior featherweight - 55/122

Super bantamweight - 55/122

Featherweight - 57 - 126

Junior lightweight - 59/130

Super featherweight - 59/130

Lightweight - 61/135

Junior welterweight - 65/140

Super lightweight - 65/140

Welterweight - 67/147

Junior middleweight - 70/154

Super welterweight - 70/154

Middleweight - 73/160

Super middleweight - 76/168

Light heavyweight - 79/175

Cruiserweight - 86/190

Heavyweight - 86+/190+

British Criminal Slang

Dabs - Fingerprints

Dip - Pickpocket

Grass - Police informer

Peterman - Safecracker

Porridge - Inprisonment

Slammer - Prison

Stretch - 1yr prison sentance

Wheelman - Getaway driver

British Titles

Royal Duke Sir

Archbishop Your Grace

Duke Your Grace

Marquis My Lord

Earl My Lord

Viscount My Lord

Bishop My Lord

Baron My Lord

Baronet Sir ... Bt

Knight Sir

BT Phone sockets

1 Not used

2 line (blue)

3 ringer (orange)

4 earth (green)

5 line (white)

6 Not used

Busiest Natural Attractions (US)

Grand Canyon, Arizona

Yellowstone, Wyoming

Niagara Falls, New York

Mount McKinley, Alaska

Sequoias Redwoods, California

Hawaii's Volcanoes

Everglades, Florida

Buying a second hand car

- inspect it in daylight, in dry weather if possible.Use a torch to look underneath for rust, tyre bulges, oil leaks etc.

- check engine oil, it will be reasonably clean if recently serviced.

- look from 20 feet away and check the car is level. If not, the suspension may need attention.

- press hard on each corner in turn. When released, the car should not bounce more than twice. If it does, the shock absorbers need renewing.

- check inside for damp areas indicating water entry and/or rusted floor panels.

- check slack in steering action. More than 2 inches of play indicates a badly worn mechanism.

- check the doors open and close easily. Misalignment could have been caused by accident damage.

- on the test drive, check for a clean exhaust and smooth clutch and gear operation. Check braking pulls the car up smoothly in a straight line.

Caesars

(Life / Ruled)

Julius

102BC-44BC / 49BC-44BC

Augustus

63BC-14AD / 31BC-14AD

Tiberius

42BC-37AD / 14AD-37AD

Caligula

12AD-41AD / 37AD-41AD

Claudius

10BC-54AD / 41AD-54AD

Nero

37AD-68AD / 54AD-68AD

Cannes Festival Golden Palms

2004 - Fahrenheit 9/11 - Michael Moore (US)

2003 - Elephant - Gus Van Sant (US)

2002 - The Pianist - Roman Polanski (Poland)

2001 - La Stanza del figlio - Nanni Moretti (Fr/It)

2000 - Dancer in the Dark - Lars Von Trier

1999 - Rosetta - Luc Jean-Pierre Dardenne (Belgium)

1998 - Mia Eoniotita Ke Mia Mera (Eternity and a day)

- Theo Angelopoulos (Grece)

1997 - Unagi - Shohei IMAMURA (Japan)

- Ta'm E Guilass - Abbas KIAROSTAMI (Iran)

1996 - Secrets et mensonges - Ken Leigh (UK)

1995 - Underground - Emir Kusturica (Yugoslavia)

1994 - Pulp Fiction - Quentin Tarantino (US)

1993 - Farewell My Concubine - Chen Kaige (China)

- The Piano - Jane Campion (New Zeland)

1992 - Den Goda Vilijan (Best Intentions) - Billy August (Denmark)

1991 - Barton Fink - Joel and Ethan Coen (US)

1990 - Wild at Heart - David Lynch (US)

1989 - Sex, Lies and videotapes - Steven Soderbergh (US)

1988 - Pelle the Conqueror (Pell Erobreren) - Billy August (Denmark)

1987 - Sous le Soleil de Satan - Maurice Pialat (France)

1986 - Mission - Roland Joff√© (UK)

1985 - When Father was away on business (Otak Na Sluzbenom Putu) - Emir Kusturica (Yougoslavia)

1984 - Paris, Texas - Wim Wenders (US)

1983 - The ballad of Narayama (Narayama Bushi Ko) - Shohei Immamura (Japan)

1982 - Yol -Yilmaz G√ºney, Serif G√∂ren (Turk)

- Missing - Costa-Gavras (US)

1981 - Man of Iron (Czolowieck z Zelaga) - Andrzej Wajda (Poland)

1980 - Kagemusha - Akira Kurosawa (Japan)

- All That Jazz - Bob Fosse (US) ex-aequo

1979 - Apocalypse Now - Francis Ford Coppola (US)

- Die Blechtrommel - Volker Schl√∂ndorff (Germany) ex-aequo

1978 - The Tree of Wooden Clogs - Ermanno Olmi (Italy)

1977 - Padre Padrone - Paulo Vittorio Taviani (Italy)

1976 - Taxi Driver - Martin Scorcese (US)

1975 - Chronicles of the Burning Years (Ahdat Sanawouach Eldjamr) - Mohammed Lakhdar Hamina (Algeria)

1974 - The Conversation - Francis Ford Coppola (US)

1973 - Scarecrow - Jerry Schatzberg (US)

- The Hireling (La m√©prise) - Alan Bridges ex-aequo

1972 - The Mattei Affair - Francesco Rossi (Italy)

- The working class goes to heaven - Elio Petri (Italy)

1971 - The Go-Between - Joseph Losey (UK)

1970 - M.A.S.H. - Robert Altman (US)

1969 - If - Lindsay Anderson (UK)

1968 - No festival

1967 - Blow Up - Michelangelo Antonioni (Italy)

1966 - Un homme et une femme - Claude Lelouch (France)

- The Birds, the Bees, and the Italians (Signore et Signori) - Pietro Germi (Italy) ex-aequo

1965 - The Knack - Richard Lester (UK)

1964 - Les Parapluies de Cherbourg - Jacques Demy (France)

1963 - The Leopard - Luchino Visconti (Italy)

1962 - The Given Word - Duarte

1961 - Viridiana - L. Bu√±uel (Spain)

- Une aussi Longue absence - Henri Colpi (France) ex-aequo

1960 - La Dolce Vita - Frederico Fellini (Italy)

1959 - Orfeu Negro (Black Orpheus) - Marcel Camus (France)

1958 - The Cranes are Flying (Letiat Zhuravli) - Mikhail Kalatozov (USSR)

1957 - Friendly Persuasion (La loi du Seigneur) - William Wyler

1956 - The Silent world (Le Monde du silence) - J.Y. Cousteau/L. Malle (France)

1955 - Marty - Delbert Mann

Car Stopping Distances

Speed - Thinking + Stopping= Total Distance

20MPH - 6 metres + 6 metres = 12 metres (40 feet) 3 cars

30MPH - 9 metres + 14 metres = 23 metres (75 feet) 6 cars

40MPH - 12 metres + 24 metres = 36 metres (120 feet) 9 cars

50MPH - 15 metres + 38 metres = 53 metres (175 feet) 13 cars

60MPH - 18 metres + 55 metres = 73 metres (240 feet) 18 cars

70MPH - 21 metres + 75 metres = 96 metres (315 feet) 24 cars

(average car length = 4 metres)

Champagne Bottles

Baby (1/8)

Nip (1/4)

Bottle

Magnum (2)

Jeroboam (4)

Rehoboam (6)

Methuselah (8)

Salamanazar (12)

Balthazar (16)

Nebuchadnezzar (20)

Chess World Champions

1866 - Wilhelm Steinitz (A/USA)

1894 - Emmanuel Lasker (D)

1921 - Jos√© Raoul Capablanca (C)

1927 - Alex Alejechin (RUS)

1935 - Max Euwe (NL)

1937 - Alex Alejechin (RUS)

1948 - Mikhail Botwinnik (RUS)

1957 - Wassili Smyslov (RUS)

1958 - Mikhail Botwinnik (RUS)

1960 - Mihail Tal (LV)

1961 - Mikhail Botwinnik (RUS)

1963 - Tigran Petrosjan (AR)

1969 - Boris Spassky (RUS/F)

1972 - Bobby Fisher (USA)

1975 - Anatoly Karpov (RUS)

1985 - Garry Kasparov (RUS)

1993 - Anatoly Karpov (RUS)

1999 - Alexander Chalifman (RUS)

2000 - Viswanathan Anand (IND)

Chinese Chronology

3500BC Long Shan culture

1600BC Shang

1045BC Zhou

453BC Warring States

221BC Qin

202BC Han

220 Empire breaks up

589 Sui

618 Tang

947 Liao

960 Song

1271 Yuan

1368 Ming

1644 Qing (Manchu)

1911 Sun Yat Sen

1926 Chiang Kai Shek

1949 Communist

Chinese Horoscope

Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake

Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Hen, Dog, Pig

Rat Years: 1900, 1912, 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008

Note: Chinese New Year is on a Lunar Cycle (starts on the New Moon in Aquarius) hence the match to western years is not exact.

Collective nouns

Army: Soldiers

Assembly: People

Batch, Caste: Bread

Bench: Bishops, Magistrates

Bevy: Roes, Quails,Larks, Pheasants, Ladies

Board: Directors

Brood: Chickens

Building: Rooks

Cete: Badgers

Charm: Finches

Chattering: Choughs

Clowder: Cats

Clump: Trees

Cluster: Grapes, Nuts, Stars

Collection: Pictures, Curiosities

Colony: Gulls, Herons Congregation: People, Plovers

Coven: Witches

Covey: Game Birds

Crew: Sailors

Crowd: People

Desert: Lapwings

Down: Hares

Drove: Horses, Beasts

Drove: Kine

Drum: Party Of People

Exaltation: Larks

Fall: Woodcock

Federation: Trade Unions

Fell: Hair

Firm: Partners

Fleet: Ships

Flight: Doves, Ducks

Flight: Bees, Birds, Stairs, Doves, Ducks

Flock: Birds, Sheep, Geese

Flush: Mallards

Forest: Trees

Gaggle: Geese

Galaxy: Beauties

Gang: Slaves, Prisoners, Thieves

Gathering: Clans

Haul: Fish In A Net

Head: Cattle

Herd: Cattle, Deer, Elephants, Goats, Pigs, Sheep, Swans, Swine

Hive: Bees

Host: Men, Angels

House: Senators

Kindle: Kittens

Legion: "Foul Fiends"

Lepe: Leopards

Library: Books

Litter: Pigs, Whelps Menagerie: Wild Beasts

Mob: Roughs, Wild Cattle

Multitude: Men (In Law, More Than Ten)

Murder: Crows

Murmuration: Starlings

Muster: Peacocks

Mute: Hounds

Nest: Rabbits, Ants

Nide: Pheasants

Nursery: Trees, Shrubs

Nye: Trees, Shrubs

Pack: Hounds, Playing Cards, Grouse

Paddling: Ducks

Panel: Jurymen

Pencil Rays

Pile: Books, Wood

Pride: Lions

Rabble: Men (Ill-Bred And Ill-Clad)

Rookery: Rooks, Seals

Rouleau: Money

School: Whales

Sedge: Herons

Set: China, Articles

Shoal: Mackerel

Shock: Hair, Corn

Skein: Ducks, Thread

Skein: Geese

Skulk: Foxes

Smuck: Jellyfish

Sounder: Swine

Spring: Teal

Stack: Corn, Hay, Wood String: Horses

Stud: Mares

Suit: Clothes

Suite: Rooms

Swarm: Bees, Locusts

Take: Fish

Team: Oxen, Horses, Animals, Oxen, Ducklings

Tribe: Goats

Troop: Antelopes, Monkeys Watch: Nightingales

Wedge: Swans

Wisp: Snipe

Collectors

Autographs - Philographist

Dolls - Plangonologist

Books - Bibliophilist

Shells - Onchologist

Coins - Numismatist

Stamps - Philatelist

Matchbox Labels - Phillumenist

Postcards - Deltiologist

Keyrings - Copoclephilist

Teddy Bears - Archtophilist

Medieval Books on Animals - Bestiarist

Cigar Bands - Brandophilist

Shells - Conchologist (NOT 'Onchologist' !)

Bird's Eggs - Dologist

Butterflies - Lepidopterist

Phonograph records - Phonophile

Recipes - Receptarist

Subway Tokens - Vecturist

Banners or Flags - Vexillologist

Common laws

Murphy's Law:

If anything can go wrong, it will!

Brook's Law:

Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later.

Jones's Law:

The man who can smile when things go wrong has thought of someone he can blame it on.

First Law of Debate:

Never argue with a fool--people might forget who's who.

Biondi's Law:

If your project doesn't work, look for the part you didn't think was important.

Ducharme's Precept:

Opportunity always knocks at the least opportune moment.

Perrussel's Law:

There is no job so simple that it cannot be done wrong.

Vile's Law of Communication:

No one is listening until you make a mistake.

Seay's Law:

Nothing ever comes out as planned.

Westheimer's Rule:

To estimate the time it takes to do a task, estimate the time you think it should take, multiply by two, and change the unit of measure to the next highest unit. Thus, we allocate two days for a one-hour task.

Cheop's Law:

Nothing ever gets built on schedule or within budget.

Ninety-Ninety Rule of Project Schedules:

The first ninety percent of the task takes ten percent of the time; the last ten percent takes the other ninety percent.

Sevareid's Law:

The chief cause of problems is solutions.

Schopenhauer's Law of Entropy:

If you put a spoonful of wine in a barrel full of sewage, you get sewage. If you put a spoonful of sewage in a barrel full of wine, you get sewage.

Juhani's Law:

The compromise will always be more expensive than either of the suggestions it is compromising.

Weinberg's First Law:

Progress is made on alternate Fridays.

Malek's Law:

Any simple idea will be worded in the most complicated way.

Gummidge's Law: The amount of expertise varies in inverse proportion to the number of statements understood by the general public.

Shaw's Principle:

Build a system a fool can use, and only a fool will want to use it.

Heller's Law:

The first theorem of management is that it exists.

The Law of Volunteering:

If you dance with a grizzly bear, you had better let him lead.

The Law of Avoiding Oversell:

When putting cheese in a mousetrap, always leave room for the mouse.

The Law of Common Sense:

Never accept a drink from a urologist.

The Law of Reality:

Never get into fights with ugly people, they have nothing to lose.

The Law of Self Sacrifice:

When you starve with a tiger, the tiger starves last.

The Law of Motivation:

Creativity is great, but plagiarism is faster.

Boob's Law:

You always find something in the last place you look.

Weiler's Law:

Nothing is impossible for the man who doesn't have to do it himself.

Law of Probable Dispersal:

Whatever hits the fan will not be evenly distributed.

Law of Drunkenness:

You can't fall off the floor.

Law of Volunteer Labor:

People are always available for work in the past tense.

Conway's Law:

In any organization there is one person who knows what is going on. That person must be fired.

Iron Law of Distribution:

Them that has, gets.

Law of Cybernetic Entomology:

There is always one more bug.

Osborne's Law:

Variables won't; constants aren't.

Main's Law:

For every action there is an equal and opposite government program.

Weinberg's Second Law:

If builders built buildings the way programmers wrote programs, then the first woodpecker that came along would have destroyed civilization.

1st Law of Holes:

First step in getting out of the hole your dug for yourself is to stop digging.

2nd Law of Holes:

If a boss digs himself into a hole, all subordinates are expected to jump in with him.

3rd Law of Holes:

If a subordinate digs a hole, never expect the boss to jump in with him.

4th Law of Holes:

If you expect to miss the holes others have left in your path to success, stop looking back at the ones you just climbed out of.

Commonwealth Nations

Antigua Barbuda

Australia

Bahamas

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belize

Botswana

Brunei

Cameroon

Canada

Cyprus

Dominica

Gambia

Ghana

Grenada

Guyana

India

Jamaica

Kenya

Kiribati

Lesotho

Malawi

Malasia

Maldives

Malta

Mauritius

Nauru

New Zealand

Nigeria

Pakistan

Papua New Guinea

St Kitts Nevis

St Lucia

St Vincent Grenadines

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Swaziland

Tanzania

Tonga

Trinidad Tobago

Tuvalu

Uganda

United Kingdom

Vanuatu

Samoa

Zambia

Composition of the Universe

Hydrogen 92.7%

Helium 7.2%

Oxygen 0.05%

Neon 0.02%

Nitrogen 0.015%

Carbon 0.008%

Conversions - area

1 Acre 0.4047 Hectares

1 Hectare 2.471 Acre

1 Sq. Cm 0.155 Sq. In

1 Sq. In 6.4516 Sq. Cm

1 Sq. Foot 0.0929 Sq. Mt

1 Sq. Metre 10.7639 Sq. Feet

1 Sq. Km 0.386 Sq Mile

1 Sq. Mile 2.58999 Sq. Km

1 Sq. Yard 0.836 Sq. Mt

Conversions - distance

1 cm 0.3937 In

1 In 2.54 cm

1 Foot 0.3048 m

1 m 3.2808 Foot

1 km 0.6214 Miles

1 Mile 1.6093 km

1 m 1.0936 Yards

1 Yard 0.9144 m

Conversions - Energy and Power

1 BTU 252.0 Calories

1 Calorie 0.003968 BTU

1 BTU 1055.06 Joules

1 Joule 0.000948 BTU

1 Calorie 4.186 Joules

1 Joule 0.238892 Calories

1 English horsepower (hp) = 550ft*lbf/s = 745.7 Watt

1 metric horsepower (german: PS pferdest√§rke, french: CV cheval-vapeur)

=75kpm/s = 735.5 W

Conversions - volume

1 Fl. Oz. 0.0284 L

1 L 35.1961 Fl. Oz.

1 UK Gall. 1.2 US Gall.

1 US Gall 0.83333 UK Gall.

1 UK Gall. 4.546 L

1 L 0.220 UK Gall

1 L 1.7598 Pt.

1 Pt. 0.5680 L

1 Cub. Mt. 1.308 Cub. Yd.

1 Cub. Yd. 0.764 Cub. Mt.

1 UK Pint 20 fl. oz

1 US Cup 8 fl. oz

1 US Pint 2 Cups = 16 fl. oz

Conversions - weight

1 Gram 0.0352 Oz

1 Ounce 28.3495 g

1 Cwt 50.8023 Kg

1 Kg 0.0197 Cwt

1 Kg 2.204 Lb

1 Lb 0.45408 Kg

1 Lb 0.071429 St

1 St 14 Lb

1 Tonne 0.9842 Tons

1 Ton 1.016 Tonnes

Daily naval toasts

Mon - Our ships at sea

Tue - Our men

Wed - Ourselves

Thu- A bloody war and a sickly season

Fri - A willing foe and searoom

Sat - Sweethearts and wives

- may they never meet

Sun - Absent friends

Days of the week

Monday's child is fair of face

Tuesday's child is full of grace

Wednesday's child is full of woe

Thursday's child has far to go

Friday's child is loving giving

Saturday's child works hard for a living

And the child that is born on the the Sabbath day is bonny and blithe and good and gay.

Death Risks

(Extra deaths per 100000 people)

2000 Motorcycling

500 Smoking

400 Deep sea fishing

120 Car racing

24 Mining

20 Farm workers

17 Car driving

14 Rock climbing

8 Accident at home

6 Influenza

6 Being run over

4 Playing football

2 Contraceptive pills

.01 Lightning strike

.02 Bitten by snakes

.002 Hit by falling aircraft

.00006 Hit by meterorite

Decorations and medals

AFC Air Force Cross

AFM Air force Medal

AM Albert Medal

CGM Conspicuous Gallantry Medal

DFC Distinguished Flying Cross

DFM Distinguished Flying Medal

DSC Distinguished Service Cross

DSM Distinguished Service Medal

GC George Cross

GM George Medal

DCM Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field

MC Military Cross

MM Military Medal

DSO Distinguished Service Order

VC Victoria Cross

Deepest Caves

Name (Location) / Metres

Veronja Cave (Georgia)

1710 m

Lamprechtsofen-Vogelschacht (Austria)

1632 m

Gouffre Mirolda/Lucien Bouclier (France)

1610 m

R√©seau Jean Bernard (France)

1602 m

Torca del Cerro (Spain)

1589 m

Shakta Vjacheslav Pantjukhina (Georgia)

1508 m

Sistema Huautla (Mexico)

1475 m

Sistema del Trave (Spain)

1441 m

Boj-Bulok (Uzbekistan)

1415 m

(Il)laminako Aterneko Leizea (Spain)

1408 m

Sustav Lukina jama (Croatia)

1392 m

Sistema Cheve (Mexico)

1386 m

Ceki 2 (Cehi II) "la Vendetta" (Slovenia)

1380 m

Evren Gunay D√ºdeni (Turkey)

1377 m

Snezhnaya-Mezhonnogo (Georgia)

1370 m

San Augustin (Mexico)

1353m

Reseau de la Pierre Saint Martin (France/Spain)

1342 m

Siebenhengste-hohgant-H√∂hlensystem (Switzerland)

1340 m

Slovacka Jama (Croatia)

1305 m

Cosanostraloch-Berger-Platteneck H√∂hle (Austria)

1291 m

Gouffre Berger (France)

1278 m

Schwersystem (Austria)

1219m

Abisso Olivifer (Italy)

1210m

Veliko Fbrego (Yugoslavia)

1198m

Anou Ifflis (Algeria)

1159m

Dewey Decimal Classification

For cataloguing Library books

000 Computers

010 Bibliography

020 Library Science

030 Encyclopedias

040 Unassigned

050 Magazines

060 Organizations, museums

070 Journalism

080 General collections

090 Manuscripts, rare books

100 Philosophy

110 Metaphysics

120 Epistemology

130 Paranormal Phenomena

140 Specific philosophies

150 Psychology

160 Logic

170 Ethics

180 Ancient philosophy

190 Modern philosophy

200 Religion

210 Natural theology

220 Bible

230 Christian theology

240 Christian moral theology

250 Christian orders

260 Christian social theology

270 Christian Church History

280 Christian denominations

290 Other religions

300 Social Science

310 General statistics

320 Political science

330 Economics

340 Law

350 Public administration

360 Social services

370 Education

380 Commerce, transport

390 Customs, folklore

400 Language

410 Linguistics

420 English

430 German

440 French

450 Italian, Romanian

460 Spanish, Portuguese

470 Latin

480 Classical Greek

490 Other languages

500 Science

510 Mathematics

520 Astronomy

530 Physics

540 Chemistry

550 Earth sciences

560 Paleontology

570 Life sciences

580 Botany

590 Zoology

600 Technology

610 Medicine

620 Engineering

630 Agriculture

640 Home economics

650 Management

660 Chemical engineering

670 Manufacturing

680 Specific industries

690 Buildings

700 Arts, Entertainment

710 Civic landscape art

720 Architecture

730 Plastic arts, Sculpture

740 Drawing, decorative arts

750 Painting

760 Graphic arts, Printmaking

770 Photography

780 Music

790 Recreation, performing arts

800 Literature

810 American

820 English

830 German

840 French

850 Italian, Romanian

860 Spanish, Portuguese

870 Latin

880 Classical Greek

890 Other literatures

900 Geography History

910 Geography travel

920 Biography, genealogy

930 History of ancient world

940 History of Europe

950 History of Asia

960 History of Africa

970 History of North America

980 History of South America

990 History of other areas

DDC System is copyrighted by OCLC Forest Press

Distances in Light speed

The time taken for light to reach these places

Moon - 1.26 seconds

Sun - 8 mins 17 secs

Pluto - 5 hours 20 mins

Nearest star - 4.22 Years

Furthest star in our galaxy - 62700 years

Furthest vivible star - 2309000 years

Edge of universe - 14000000000 years

Doctor Who

The BBC Series.

(figures in brackets are number of episodes starred in)

1963-1966 William Hartnell. (134)

1966-1969 Patrick Troughton. (119)

1970-1974 Jon Pertwee. (128)

1974-1981 Tom Baker. (172)

1981-1984 Peter Davison. (69)

1984-1986 Colin Baker. (31)

1987-1989 Slyvester McCoy. (42)

(1983)

Richard Hurndall played The First Doctor in "The Five Doctors," due to death of William Hartnell.

The US Pilot.

1997 Paul McGann

The Films

* Dr Who And The Daleks.

* The Dalek Invasion of Earth 2150 AD.

Both with Peter Cushing.

Earth's Eras

Era

---

Period

-Epoch Begin Mio. Years

Cenozoic Era

-------------

Flowering Plants, Grasses, Insects, Fishes, Birds, Mammals

Quaternary

-Holocene 0.01

-Pleistocene 1.7

Tertiary

-Pliocene 5

-Miocene 23

-Oligocene 34

-Eocene 55

-Paleocene 65

Mesozoic Era

-------------

Reptiles, Dinosaurs

Cretaceous

-Late Cretac. 95

-Early Cretac. 135

Jurassic

-Malm 160

-Dogger 185

-Lias 205

Triassic

-Keuper 230

-Muscheltalk 245

-Buntsandstein 250

Paleozoic Era

-------------

first Land Plants, Fishes, Amphibians, Insects

The end of the Permian marks the biggest extinction of all time.

Permian

-Late Permian 270

-Early Permian 290

Carboniferous

-Pennsylvanian 325

-Mississippian 355

Devonian

-Late D. 375

-Middle D. 390

-Early D. 410

Silurian

-Late Silurian 420

-Early Silurian 435

Ordovician

-Late O. 450

-Middle O. 470

-Early O. 480

Cambrian

-Late C. 490

-Middle C. 510

-Early C. 540

Precambrian Era

-----------------

Bacteria, Eucaryotic Cells

Proterozoic

-Neoprot. 1000

-Mesoprot. 1600

-Paleoprot. 2500

Archaean

-Neoarch. 2800

-Mesoarch. 3200

-Paleoarch. 3600

-Eoarch. 3800

Azoikum 4600

Earth's Structure

(km from surface)

Atmosphere 0-

Exosphere above 500-1000

Thermosphere above 640

Mesopause 85

Mesosphere -85

Stratopause 50

Stratosphere -50

Tropopause 11

Troposphere 0-7

(Thickness varies between poles and tropes from 7 to 17 km)

Oceanic Crust 0-6

Continental Crust 0-40

Mantle 20-2900

Moho 20-120

Upper Mantle 20-400

400km Discontinuity 400

Transition Region 400-650

650km Discontinuity 650

Lower Mantle 650-2740

D" 2740-2900

Core 2900-6370

Outer Core 2900-5200

Inner Core 5200-6370

Egg Sizes

Very large (XL): over 73g

Large (L): 63-73g

Medium (M): 53-63g

Small (S): under 53g

Old method:

Size Weight

0 over 75g

1 70-75g

2 65-70g

3 60-65g

4 55-60g

5 50-55g

6 45-50g

7 under 45g

Egyptian Chronology

Year / Name / Numeric

3200BC I-II

2664BC Old Kingdom III-VIII

2154BC First Intermediate IX-XI

2052BC Middle Kingdom XII

1785BC Second Intermediate XIII-XVII

1554BC New Kingdom XVIII-XX

1075BC Third Intermediate XXI-XXVI

525BC Persian XXVII-XXXI

332BC Ptolemeic

32BC Roman

395 Byzantine

642 Arab

1260 Mamelukes

1517 Ottoman

1804 Independent

1882 British

1953 United Arab Republic

English Letter Frequencies

E 12.6%

T 9.6%

A 8.1%

O 7.9%

N 7.2%

I 7.2%

S 6.6%

R 6.0%

H 5.1%

L 4.0%

D 3.7%

C 3.2%

U 3.1%

P 2.3%

M 2.2%

W 2.0%

Y 1.9%

B 1.6%

G 1.6%

V 0.9%

K 0.5%

Q 0.2%

X 0.2%

J 0.1%

Z 0.1%

EPP/ECP Parallel link Cable Pinouts

(e.g. LapLink, Direct Cable Connection)

Pin A-Side Pin B-Side

1 7

2 15

3 13

4 12

5 10

6 11

7 1

8 14

9 16

10 3

11 6

12 4

13 3

14 8

15 2

16 9

17 17

25 25

Equations - Circular Motion

Velocity = radius * angular velocity (the latter in radians per

second)

Centripetal acceleration = radius * angular velocity2

Escape velocity = Sqr Root (2 * g * radius of planet) (where g is the

gravitational constant for that planet)

Period of Simple Harmonic Motion = 2 * Pi / angular velocity

or more usefully, for a pendulum: Period = 2 * Pi * Sqr Root (length/g)

Equations - Dynamics

Distance = average velocity * time

Velocity = initial velocity + acceleration * time

Distance = initial velocity * time + 1/2 * acceleration * time2

Force = mass * acceleration

Internal energy of a mass = mass * c2 (where c is the speed of light)

Equations - Electricity

Direct Current

I = Current in Amperes (Amps)

V = Voltage (or Potential Difference) in Volts

R = Resistance in Ohms

W = Power in Watts

I = V/R and V = IR and R = V/I

W = I2R and W = V2/R and W = VI

The above hold good for Alternating Current only if the load is purely resistive (rare).

Resistances in Series: R = R1 + R2

Resistances in Parallel: 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2

Gain or Loss

Gain or Loss = 10 Log (Output Power/Input Power) = 10Log (P2/P1)

= 20 Log (Output Current/Input Current) = 20 Log (I2/I1)

= 20 Log (Output Voltage/ Input Voltage)

= 20 Log (V2/V1)

e.g. Power Ratios :

2 x = 3 dB approx.

4 x = 6 dB approx.

8 x = 9 dB approx.

10 x = 10 dB

100 x = 20 dB

1,000 x = 30 dB

1,000,000 x = 60 dB

Equations - General Mathematics

Quadratic roots

f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c

roots = (-b Ôæ± sqr(b^2-4ac)) / 2a

Combinations

nCr = n! / ( (n-r)! r! )

Derivatives

sin x cos x

cos x - sin x

tan x sec^2 x

Integrals

x^a x^(a+1) / (a+1), a>1

1/x ln |x|

e^x e^x

a^x a^x / (ln a)

tan x ln |(sec x)|

Simpson's rule

aÔæÉb f(x) dx ~=

1/3 . h(y0 + 4y1 + y2)

where, h = 1/2 . (b - a)

Mensuration

- triangle (sides a, b, c)

A = 1/2 . b c sin A

A = sqr( s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) )

where, 2s = a + b + c

- circle (radius)

P = 2 pi r A = pi r^2

- elipse (axes 2a, 2b)

P ~= 2 pi sqr( (a^2+b^2) / 2 )

A = pi a b

- cylinder (radius r, height h)

A = 2 pi r (h + r)

V = pi r^2 h

- cone (radius r, slant height l)

A(curved surface) = pi r l

- cone/pyramid (base area A, height h)

V = 1/3 . A h

- sphere (radius r)

A = 4 pi r^2 V = 4/3 . pi r^3

Trigonometry/Triangles

sin (A/2) = sqr((s-b)(s-c) / bc)

cos (A/2) = sqr( s(s-a) / bc )

- sine rule

a/(sin A) = b/(sin B) = c/(sin C) = 2R

- cosine rule

a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bc . cos A

- circumcircle

R = abc / 4 . (area of triangle)

Single variable statistics

(number n, mean m) (E sigma, samp x)

derivation, dx = x - m

mean derivation = 1/n . E |dx|

E dx^2 = E x^2 - ((E x)^2) / n

variance = 1/n . E dx^2

standard deviation = sqr(var)

Double variable statistics

correlation coeff =

E (dx dy)/sqr((E dx^2)(E dy^2))

linear regression, y=a+bx

b = E (dx dy) / (E dx^2)

a = (mean y) - b (mean x)

Normal distribution

(mean m, variance s^2)

f(x) = 1/( s . sqr(2 pi) ) .

exp( -(x-m)^2 / (2s^2) )

Euro Countries

12 member countries - value of 1 Euro in the former national currencies

. Austria, 13.7603 ATS

. Belgium, 40.3399 BEF

. Finland, 5.94573 FIM

. France, 6.55957 FRF

. Germany, 1.95583 DEM

. Greece, 340.750 GRD

. Ireland, .787564 IEP

. Italy, 1936.27 ITL

. Luxembourg, 40.3399 LUF

. Netherlands, 2.20371 NLG

. Portugal, 200.482 PTE

. Spain, 166.386 ESP

Euro is also used on islands and territories

belonging to the above countries.

Four small European states also use the Euro:

. San Marino

. Vatican City

. Monaco

. Andorra

The first three have even their own coins!

Two Balkan Countries (where DEM was used as major currency before)

. Kosovo

. Montenegro

European countries

Country, Capital EU

Albania, Tirane

Andorra, Andorra la Vella

Armenia, Yerevan

Azerbaijan, Baky

Austria, Vienna EU

Belarus, Minsk

Belgium, Brussels EU

Bosnia, Sarajevo

Bulgaria, Sofia

Croatia, Zagreb

Czech Republic, Prague EU

Cyprus, Nikosia EU

(EU only the greek part)

Denmark, Copenhagen EU

Estonia, Tallinn EU

Finland, Helsinki EU

France, Paris EU

Georgia, Tbilisi

Germany, Berlin EU

Greece, Athens EU

Hungary, Budapest EU

Iceland, Reykjavik

Ireland, Dublin EU

Italy, Rome EU

Kazakhstan (part.), Astana

Latvia, Riga EU

Liechtenstein, Vaduz

Lithuania, Vilnius EU

Luxembourg, Luxembourg EU

Macedonia, Skopje

Malta, Valletta EU

Moldova, Chisinau

Monaco, Monaco

Netherlands, Amsterdam EU

Norway, Oslo

Poland, Warsaw EU

Portugal, Lisbon EU

Romania, Bucharest

Russia, Moscow

San Marino, San Marino

Slovakia, Bratislava EU

Slovenia, Ljubljana EU

Spain, Madrid EU

Sweden, Stockholm EU

Switzerland, Bern

Turky (part.), Ankara

Ukraine, Kiev

United Kingdom, London EU

Vatican State, -

Yugoslavia, Belgrade

Eurovision Song Contest Winners

Year Country

Interpret Title

1956 Switzerland

Lys Assia Refrain

1957 Netherlands

Corry Brokken Net als Toen

1958 France

Andr√© Claveau Dors, mon amour

1959 Netherlands

Teddy Scholten In beetje

1960 France

Jaqueline Boyer Tom Pillibi

1961 Luxembourg

Jean-Claude Pascal Nous les amoureux

1962 France

Isabelle Aubret Un premier amour

1963 Denmark

Grethe og J√∏rgen Ingmann Dansevise

1964 Italy

Gigliola Cinquetti Non ho l'et√†

1965 Luxembourg

France Gall Poup√®e se cire, poup√®e de son

1966 Austria

Udo J√ºrgens Merci ch√©rie

1967 England

Sandie Shaw Puppet on a string

1968 Spain

Massiel La la la

1969 England

Lulu Boom bang-a-bang

1969 Spain

Salome Vivo cantando

1969 Netherlands

Lenny Kuhr De troubadour

1969 France

Frida Boccara Un jour, en enfant

1970 Ireland

Dana All kinds of everything

1971 Monaco

S√©verine Un banc, un arbre, une rue

1972 Luxembourg

Vicky Leandros Apr√®s toi

1973 Luxembourg

Anne Marie David Tu te reconna√Ætras

1974 Sweden

ABBA Waterloo

1975 Netherlands

Teach-In Ding a dong

1976 England

Brotherhood Of Man Save your kisses for me

1977 France

Marie Myriam L'oiseau et l'enfant

1978 Israel

Izhar Cohen and The Alphabeta A-Ba-Ni-Bi

1979 Israel

Milk & Honey Hallelujah

1980 Ireland

Johnny Logan What's another year

1981 England

Bucks Fizz Making your mind up

1982 Germany

Nicole Ein bi√üchen Frieden

1983 Luxembourg

Corinne Hermes Si la vie est cadeau

1984 Sweden

Herreys Diggi loo diggi lee

1985 Norway

Bobbysocks La det swinge

1986 Belgium

Sandra Kim J' aime la vie

1987 Ireland

Johnny Logan Hold me now

1988 Switzerland

Celine Dion Ne partez pas sans moi

1989 Yugoslavia

Riva Rock Me

1990 Italy

Toto Cutugno Insieme 1992

1991 Sweden

Carola Fangad av en stormvind

1992 Ireland

Linda Martin Why me?

1993 Ireland

Niamh Kavanagh In your eyes

1994 Ireland

Paul Harrington & C. McGettigan Rock 'n' Roll Kids

1995 Norway

Secret Garden Nocturne

1996 Ireland

Eimear Quinn The Voice

1997 England

Katrina and the Waves Love Shine A Light

1998 Israel

Dana International Diva

1999 Sweden

Charlotte Nilsson Take me to your heaven

2000 Denmark

Olsen Brothers Fly on the wings of love

2001 Estonia

Tanel Badar und Dave Benton Everybody

2002 Latvia

Marija N I Wanna

2003 Turkey

Sertab Erener Everyway That I Can

2004 Ukraine

Ruslana Lyzhichko Wild Dances

Famous Lovers

Antony Cleopatra

Abelard Eloise

Dante Beatrice

Daphnis Chloe

Dido Aeneas

Jason Medea

Paris Helen

Peleas Melisande

Pierrot Columbine

Pyramus Thisbe

Romeo Juliet

Samson Delilah

Solomon Sheba

Troilus Cressida

Venus Adonis

Famous Novels

Edward Albee

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962

Hans Christian Andersen

The Little Match-Seller 1848

The Emperor's New Suit 1837

The Princess and the Pea 1835

The Ugly Duckling 1844

James Matthew Barrie

The little white Bird 1902/1906

Peter Pan, stage play 1904

Lyman Frank Baum

The Wizard of Oz 1900

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot 1952

Truman Capote

Breakfast at Tiffany's 1958

Lewis Carrol (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)

Alice in Wonderland 1865

Carlo Collodi (Carlo Lorenzini)

The Adventures of Pinocchio (the story of a puppet) 1880

Daniel Defoe (Daniel Foe)

Robinson Crusoe 1719

Antoine de Saint-Exup√©ry

The Little Prince 1943

Charles Dickens

David Copperfield 1849/50

Oliver Twist 1837/38

A Christmas Carol 1843

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Sherlock Holmes 1887-1925

Alexandre Dumas

The Count of Monte Cristo 1845/46

The Three Musketeers 1844

Ernest Hemmingway

The Old Man and the Sea 1952

Hermann Hesse

Steppenwolf 1927

James Joyce

Ulysses 1922

Rudyard Kipling

The Jungle Book 1894

Jack London (John Griffith)

Sea Wolf 1904

Norman Mailer

The Naked and the Dead 1948

Herman Melville

Moby Dick 1851

Arthur Miller

Death of a Salesman 1949

Vladimir Nabokov

Lolita 1955

George Orwell

Nineteen Eighty-Four 1949

Animal Farm 1945

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

Doctor Zhivago 1957

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn

The Gulag Archipelago 1973-1975

Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson

Treasure Island 1883

Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 1886

Jonathan Swift

Gulliver's Travels 1726

Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy

War and Peace 1868/69

Anna Karenina 1878

Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)

Tom Sawyer 1876

Huckleberry Finn 1884

Jule Verne

A Journey to the Center of the Earth 1864

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 1870

Around the World in Eighty Days 1873

Herbert George Wells

The Time Machine 1895

The War of the Worlds 1898

Famous Paintings

Caspar David Friedrich

Chalk Cliffs of R√ºgen 1818/19

Man and woman contemplating the moon 1830/35

Vincent van Gogh

Sunflower Paintings 1888

Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear 1889

Claude Monet

The Picnic 1865/66

Corn Poppies 1873

Edvard Munch

The Scream 1893

R. Harmenszoon. van Rijn

Rembrandt

Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp 1632

Man in a Gold Helmet

(no more believed to be painted by his own hand) 1650/55

The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (spuriously known as "Nightwatch") 1639

Carl Spitzweg

The Poor Poet 1839

Leonardo da Vinci

Mona Lisa 1503-1506

Auguste Renoir

Luncheon of the Boating Party 1881

The big bathers 1885-1886

Fawlty Towers episodes

First shown in 1975

A Touch of Class (19/9)

The Builders (26/9)

The Wedding Party (3/10)

The Hotel Inspectors (10/10)

Gormet Night (17/10)

The Germans (24/10)

1979

Communication Problems (19/2)

The Psychiatrist (26/2)

Waldorf Salad (5/3)

Kipper and the Corpse (12/3)

The Anniversary (26/3)

Basil the Rat (25/10)

Flower Meanings

These flower meanings have been compiled from three different websites. You may note that some flowers seem to have two contradictory meanings. In the event that you are given one of these flowers, please, take them in the best way possible.

Acacia: Beauty in retirement; Friendship; Concealed love: Chaste love

Aconite: Beware, a deadly foe is near

Agapanthus: Secret Love

Allium: Unity; Humility; Patience

Alstroemeria: Devotion; Wealth; Prosperity; Fortune

Ambrosia: Your love is reciprocated

Amaryllis: Pride, Timidity, Splendid Beauty

Anemone: Forsaken; Expectations

Aster: Symbol of love; Daintiness; Afterthought; Elegance of love

Azalea: First Love, Temperance

Baby's Breath: Pure of heart; Innocence

Bachelor Button: Hope in love; Felicity; Delicacy; Single blessedness

Begonia: A fanciful nature; Beware

Bells of Ireland: Good Luck

Bluebell: Humility; Everlasting love

Bouvardia: Enthusiasm

Buttercup: Childishness

Cactus: Endurance

Caladium: Great joy and delight

Calla Lily: Magnificent Beauty

Camellia: Gratitude; Perfection

Camellia (blue): You're a flame in my heart

Camellia (pink): Longing for you

Camelia (white): You're adorable; Perfected lovliness

Camellia (red): Unpretending excellence

Carnation: Fascination; Womanly love; Devoted love

Carnation (red): Alas poor heart; My heart aches for you; Admiration

Carnation (pink): I'll never forget you; Woman's love

Carnation (purple): Capriciousness

Carnation (striped): Sorry I can't be with you; No; Refusal; Wish I could be with you

Carnation (white): Innocence; Sweet and lovely; Pure love; Woman's good luck gift; You're adorable

Carnation (yellow): Disdain; Rejection; You have disappointed me

Chrysanthemum (red): Love

Chrysanthemum (white): Truth

Chrysanthemum (yellow): Slighted love

Crocus: Youthful gladness; Cheerfulness

Cyclamen: Resignation; Goodbye

Daffodil: You're the only one; Regard; Unrequited love; The sun shines when I'm with you

Dahlia: Dignity; Elegance; Good taste; Instability

Daisy: Innocence; Loyal love; I'll never tell; Purity; Gentleness; Romance

Dandelion: Rustic Oracle

Delphinium: Flights of Fancy, Ardent Attachment

Fern: Secret bond of love; Fascination; Sincerity; Magic

Fleur-de-Lis: Flame; I burn

Forget Me Not: Faithful Love; Undying Hope; Memory; Do Not Forget; True love

Forsythia: Good nature; Innocence; Anticipation

Freesia: Innocence; Trust; Friendship

Galax: Encouragement

Gardenia: Purity; Sweet Love; You are lovely

Geranium: Folly; Stupidity

Gladiolus: Strength of character; Sincerity; Generosity; Natural grace

Gloxinia: Love at first sight

Grass: Submission

Heather (Lavender): Admiration; Solitude

Heather (White): Protection; Wishes will come true

Hibiscus: Delicate Beauty

Holly: Foresight; Domestic happiness; Defense

Hyacinth: Games; Sports; Rashness; Playful Joy

Hyacinth (Blue): Constancy

Hyacinth (Purple): Please forgive me; Sorrow

Hyacinth (Red / Pink): Play

Hyacinth (White): Lovliness; I'll pray for you

Hyacinth (Yellow): Jealousy

Hydrangea: Thank-you for understanding; Frigidity; Heartlessness

Iris: Faith; Wisdom; Valor; Promise; My compliments; Hope; Message

Ivy: Wedded love; Fidelity; Friendship; Affection

Jasmine: Amiability

Jonquil: Affection returned; Sympathy; Desire; Love me

Larkspur: An open Heart

Lavender: Loyalty

Lemon Leaves: Everlasting Love

Lilac (purple): First Emotion of Love

Lilac (white): Youthful innocence; Purity; Modesty; Virginity; Majesty

Lily (orange/tiger): Wealth; Pride; Prosperity

Lily (white): Sweetness

Lily (yellow): Gaiety; walking on air

Lily (Calla): Beauty

Lily (Day): Conquetry

Lily (Eucharis): Maiden charms

Lily of the Valley: Humility; Sweetness; Return of Happiness

Lotus Flower: Estranged love

Longi Lily: Pure; Modest

Magnolia: Love of nature; Nobility; Dignity

Marigold: Grief; Cruelty; Jealousy; Sacred affection; Despair

Mimosa, Bloom: Concealed love; Sensitivity

Monkshood: Chivalry; Beware; A deadly foe is near

Morning Glory: Affection

Moss: Maternal love; Charity

Flower Meanings (cont.)

Myrtle: Duty; Affection; Home; Love; Discipline; Instruction

Narcissus: Stay as sweet as you are; Egotism; Formality

Nasturtium: Patriotism; Conquest; Victory in battle

Oleander: Caution; Beauty; Grace

Orange Blossom: Purity; Innocence; Eternal love; Marriage; Fruitfulness; Lovliness

Orchid: Love; Beauty; Refinement; Beautiful lady; Magnificence; A belle

Orchid (Cattleaya): Mature charm

Palm Leaves: Victory; Success

Pansy: Thoughtful Reflection; Merriment

Peony: Happy Marriage; Prosperity; Bashfulness

Petunia: Resentment; Anger; Your presence soothes me

Phlox: Our souls are united

Pine: Hope; Pity

Poinsettia: Be of good cheer

Poppy: Eternal sleep; Imagination; Oblivion

Poppy (Red): Pleasure

Poppy (White): Consolation

Poppy (Yellow): Wealth; Success

Primrose: Young Love; I can't live without you

Primrose (Evening): Inconstancy

Queen Anne's Lace: Haven

Ranunculus: Radiant; Charming

Rose (Pink): Perfect happiness; Gentility; Grace; Please believe me

Rose (Deep Pink): Thank You

Rose (Light Pink): Admiration

Rose (White): Innocence; Purity; Heavenly; Secrecy; Silence; Charm

Rose (Red): Love; I love you; Respect; Courage; Desire

Rose (Single Red): I love you; Simplicity

Rose (Deep Red): Bashfulness

Rose (Burgundy): Unconscious love

Rose (Peach, Coral, Orange): Enthusiasm; Desire

Rose (Orange): Passion

Rose (Yellow): Friendship; Joy and happiness; Jealousy; Trying to care; Gladness

Rose (Short Stemmed): Sweetheart; Girlhood

Rose (White and Red): Unity

Rose (Long Stemmed): I will remember you always

Roses (Assorted Colours): You're everything to me

Roses (Mature Blooms): Gratitude

Rosebud: Beauty; Youth; A heart innocent of love

Rosebud (Red): Pure; Lovely

Rosebud (White): Girlhood

Rosemary: Remembrance

Snapdragon: Gracious lady; Deception; Presumption

Spider Flower: Elope with me

Star of Bethlehem: Purity

Statice: Sympathy; Rememberance

Stephanotis: Happiness in marriage; Desire to travel; Come to me

Stock: Lasting beauty; Bonds of affection; Promptness; You'll always be beautiful to me

Sunflower: Adoration; Pride; Sunshine

Sweet Pea: Delicate pleasures; Goodbye; Blissful pleasure; Departure; Thank you for a lovely time

Sweet William: Grant me one smile; Gallantry

Tuberose: Dangerous Pleasure

Tulip: Perfect lover; Fame; Love; Passion

Tulip (Red): Believe me; Declaration of love

Tulip (Yellow): There is sunshine in your smile; Hopeless love

Tulip (Variegated): Beautiful eyes

Verbena: Will you get your wish?

Veronica: Fidelity

Violet: Modesty; Faithfulness; Virtue

Violet (Blue): I'll always be true; Watchfulness

Violet (White): Let's take a chance on happiness

Viscaria: Will you dance with me?

Wallflower: Fidelity in adversity

Water Lily: Purity of heart

Wax Flower: Riches

Wisteria: Welcome

Xeranthemum: Eternity; Immortality

Yarrow: Healing

Zinnia: Thoughts of absent friends

Zinnia (Magenta): Lasting affection

Zinnia (Scarlet): Constancy

Zinnia (White): Goodness

Zinnia (Yellow): Daily rememberance

Zinnia (Mixed): Thinking / In memory of an absent friend

Food Dates

When were they invented ?

Popcorn - 3000BC

Croissants - 1683

Potato crisps - 1853

Chewing gum - 1875

Coca-Cola - 1885

Corn Flakes - 1894

Chop suey - 1896

Pepsi-Cola - 1898

Hamburger - 1902

Ice cream cone - 1904

Instant coffee - 1909

Frozen food - 1923

Fish fingers - 1929

Football World Cup hosts and winners

Year Host Winner

1930 Uruguay Uruguay

1934 Italy Italy

1938 France Italy

1942

1946

1950 Brazil Uruguay

1954 Switzerland Germany

1958 Sweden Brazil

1962 Chile Brazil

1966 England England

1970 Mexico Brazil

1974 Germany Germany

1978 Argentina Argentina

1982 Spain Italy

1986 Mexico Argentina

1990 Italy Germany

1994 USA Brazil

1998 France France

2002 Japan/S Korea Brazil

Formula 1 World Champions

2004 Schumacher

Ferrari

2003 Schumacher

Ferrari

2002 Schumacher

Ferrari

2001 Schumacher

Ferrari

2000 Schumacher

Ferrari

1999 Hakkinen

McLaren-Mercedes

1998 Hakkinen

McLaren-Mercedes

1997 Villenueve

Williams-Renault

1996 D Hill

Williams-Renault

1995 Schumacher

Benneton-Ford

1994 Schumacher

Benneton-Ford

1993 Prost

Williams-Renault

1992 Mansell

Williams-Renault

1991 Senna

McLaren-Honda

1990 Senna

McLaren-Honda

1989 Prost

McLaren-Honda

1988 Senna

McLaren-Honda

1987 Piquet

Williams-Honda

1986 Prost

McLaren-Porsche

1985 Prost

McLaren-Porsche

1984 Lauda

McLaren-Porsche

1983 Piquet

Brabham-BMW

1982 Rosberg

Williams-Ford

1981 Piquet

Brabham-Ford

1980 Jones

Williams-Ford

1979 Scheckter

Ferrari

1978 Andretti

Lotus-Ford

1977 Lauda

Ferrari

1976 Hunt

McLaren-Ford

1975 Lauda

Ferrari

1974 Fittipaldi

Lotus-Ford

1973 Stewart

Tyrell-Ford

1972 Fittipaldi

Lotus-Ford

1971 Stewart

Tyrell-Ford

1970 Rindt

Lotus-Ford

1969 Stewart

Matra-Ford

1968 G Hill

Lotus-Ford

1967 Hulme

Brabham-Repco

1966 Brabham

Brabham-Repco

1965 Clark

Lotus-Climax

1964 Surtees

Ferrari

1963 Clark

Lotus-Climax

1962 G Hill

BRM

1961 P Hill

Ferrari

1960 Brabham

Cooper-Climax

1959 Brabham Cooper-Climax

1958 Hawthorn

Ferrari

1957 Fangio

Maserati

1956 Fangio

Lancia Ferrari

1955 Fangio

Mercedes

1954 Fangio

Mercedes Maserati

1953 Ascari

Ferrari

1952 Ascari

Ferrari

1951 Fangio

Alfa Romeo

1950 Farina

Alfa Romeo

Four horsemen of the Apocalypse

War

Famine

Pestilence

Death (The pale rider)

Four Suits of Card Games

Tarot: Cups, Coins, Batons, Swords

French: Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs (Cross), Spades

German: Hearts, Bells, Acorns, Leaves

Elements: Water, Earth, Fire, Air

(associated with the 'colours' of card games)

French Revolutionary Calendar

Vend√©miaire (wine harvest) 22 Sep-21 Oct

Brumaire (fog) Oct-Nov

Frimaire (sleet) Nov-Dec

Niv√¥se (snowy) Dec-Jan

Pluvi√¥se (rainy) Jan-Feb

Vent√¥se (windy) Feb-Mar

Germinal (growing) Mar-Apr

Flor√©al (blossom) Apr-May

Prairial (pasture) May-Jun

Messidor (harvest) Jun-Jul

Thermidor (heat) Jul-Aug

Fervidor (more heat) Aug-Sep

Each month had 30 days, and there were five intercalary (between month) holidays called "Sansculottides or six in a leap year.

The calendar was devised by Gilbert Romme (1750-1795) and the months were named by the poet Fabre d'Eglantine (1755-1794). It was adopted on 5 October 1793 (bizarrely, it was applied retrospectively from 22 September 1792) and continued in force until 1 January 1806, when Napoleon restored the Gregorian calendar.

Frequency ranges

Frequency (in MHz) = 300 / Wavelength (in m)

and

Frequency (in GHz) = 30 / Wavelength (in cm)

(For greater accuracy use 299.79/Wavelength)

Frequency Bands - a general guide.

Audible Frequencies

Very long waves - 30 Hz to 30 kHz (depending on age and species)

Low Frequencies (LF)

Long waves - 30 Khz to 300 Khz

10000 to 1000 Metres

Medium Frequencies (MF)

Medium waves - 300 Khz to 3 Mhz

1000 to 100 Metres

High Frequencies (HF)

Short waves - 3 to 30 Mhz

100 to 10 Metres

Very High Frequencies (VHF)

30 to 300 Mhz

10 to 1 Metre/s

Ultra High Frequencies (UHF)

300 Mhz to 3 Ghz

1 Metre to 10 cm

Super High Frequencies (SHF)

Microwaves - 3 to 30 Ghz

10 to 1 cm

Extremely High Frequencies (EHF)

30 to 300 Ghz

10 to 1 mm

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths under 1 mm are called light. See "Visible Spectrum"

The whole used Frequencie spectrum reaches from 100 Kilohertz (Khz) to 12.5 Gigahertz (Ghz).

Used for television are:

the VHF range, it contains

-Band I (47 - 68 Mhz), also used for broadcast

-Band II (87.5 - 108 Mhz), also used for broadcast

-Band III (174 - 230 Mhz)

the UHF range with

-Band IV (470 - 582 Mhz)

-Band V (790 - 960 Mhz)

Used for broadcast are:

-LW (148.5 - 283.5 Khz)

-MW (526.5 - 1.606.5 Khz)

-KW (3.950 - 26.100 Khz)

-UKW (87.5 - 108 Mhz), VHF Band II

Fruits

Apple, apricot, avocado, banana, bilberry, blackberry, blackcurrant, blueberry, boysenberry, bramley, cherry, clementine, cranberry, crabapple, coconut, cox, currant, damson, date, dewberry, elderberry, gooseberry, granny smith, grape, grapefruit, greengage, guava, honeydew (melon), jaffa (orange), kiwifruit, kumquat, lemon, lime, loganberry, lychee, mandarin, mango, mangosteen, maracuya, mulberry, nectarine, oakapple, olive, orange, papaya, passionfruit, paw-paw, peach, pear, pimento, pineapple, pippin, plum, pomegranite, prickly pear, prune, quince, raisin, raspberry, redcurrant, satsuma, sloe, squash, starfruit, strawberry, sultana, tangerine, tomato, uglifruit, watermelon, yam.

Greek alphabet

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Delta

Epsilon

Zeta

Eta

Theta

Iota

Kappa

Lambda

Omikron

Sigma

Tau

Upsilon

Phi

Khi

Psi

Omega

Greek and Roman Gods

Greek Roman

Aphrodite Venus

(Goddess of beauty love)

Apollo Apollo

(God of poetry music prophecy)

Ares Mars

(God of war)

Artemis Diana

(Goddess of the moon)

Asclepius Aesculapius

(God of medical art)

Athene Minerva

(Goddess of wisdom)

Cronos Saturn

(God of agriculture)

Demeter Ceres

(Goddess of agriculture)

Dionysus Bacchus

(God of wine fertility)

Eos Aurora

(Goddess of dawn)

Eros Cupid

(God of love)

Hebe Juventas

(Goddess of youth)

Hecate Hecate

(Goddess of witchcraft)

Helios Sol

(God of the sun)

Hepthaestus Vulcan

(God of fire)

Hera Juno

("Queen of heaven, goddess of women marriage")

Hermes Mercury

(Messenger of the gods)

Hestia Vesta

(Goddess of the hearth)

Hypnos Somnus

(God of sleep)

Nemesis

(Goddess of retribution)

Pan Faunus

(God of woods fields)

Persephone Proserpine

(Goddess of the underworld)

Pluto Pluto

(God of the underworld)

Plutus

(God of wealth)

Poseidon Neptune

(God of the sea)

Rhea Cybele

(Goddess of nature)

Selene Luna

(Goddess of the moon)

Thanatos Mors

(God of death)

Zeus Jupiter

(supreme God;God of the sky weather)

Hangovers (causes and remedies)

Causes of hangovers.

*ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) production is reduced (Water loss, dehydration)

*Cogeners (Byproducts of fermentation) are formed, toxins

*Headache is due to drying out effect on brain tissue toxins in drink

*Insulin production stimulated, reduced blood glucose = Drowsiness, Faintness, Trembling Hunger

*Tiredness is due to less restfull sleep low blood sugar

*Because body's cells are dehydrated, acid-base metabolism is altered

*Alcohol upsets bodys metabolism and causes rise in stomach blood acidity

*Nausea indigestion is due to alcohol irritating stomach lining increased acidity.

Remedies.

* Sleep as long as possible

* Drink loads of water before bed or during the night

* Dioralyte oral rehydration salts or antacid

* Avoid caffeine, diuretic, will dehydrate you further will upset stomach

* Vigorous exercise before bed or the next day (Long drunken walk)

* Have a Paracetamol before going to bed or during the night (less damaging to stomach than aspirin)

* Prairie Oyster drink (Raw egg, Lemon Juice, Pepper Worcester Sauce)

* Don't have "Hair of the dog" the next morning

* Roche Berrocca B-Vitamins the next morning

* Fizzy drinks such as Alka Seltzer or Resolve

* Brush teeth vigorously, also roof of mouth and scrape tongue

* Take six Evening Primrose Oil capsules before drinking, or when you arrive home

* Herb silymarin, boosts liver's capability of degrading alcohol

Drinks renowned for Cogners (toxins causing hangovers)

(from worst to least)

Brandy

Dark Rum

Red Wine

Port

Sherries

Vermouth

Beer

Whisky

Gin

White wine

Lager

Vodka

(The darker and sweeter the drink, the more likely it is to cause a hangover)

Hello Translations

Arabic - Ahlan wasahlan

Bulgarian - Dobro utro

Croatian - Dobar dan

Danish - Goddag

English - Hello

Finnish - Hyvaa paivaa

French - Bonjour

Georgian - Garmardzobat

German - Guten Tag

Greek - Kalimera

Hindi - Namaskar

Hungarian - J√≥ napot

Icelandic - Godan daginn

Italian - Buongiorno

Japanese - Konnichiwa

Mandarin - Nin hao

Norweigian - Go dag

Polish - Dzien dobry

Portuguese - Bom dia

Russian - Zdravstvuyitye

Spanish - Buenos dias

Swedish - God dag

Thai - Sawatdee

Turkish - Iya gunler

Urdu - Assalm-u-alaikum

Zulu - Kunjani

Henry VIII's wives

Catherine of Aragon (divorced)

Anne Boleyn (executed)

Jane Seymour (died)

Anne of Cleves (divorced)

Catherine Howard (executed)

Catherine Parr (survived)

Highest Buildings

Buildings

---------

Taipei 101 508m

Taipei (Taiwan)

Petronas Tower I 452m

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)

Petronas Tower II 452m

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)

Sears Tower 442m

Chicago (USA)

Jin Mao Tower 421m

Shanghai (P.R. China)

Two Internat. Finance Centre 415m

Hong Kong (P.R. China)

CITIC Plaza 391m

Guangzhou (P.R. China)

Shun Hing Square 384m

Shenzhen (P.R. China)

Empire State Building 381m

New York (USA)

Central Plaza 374m

Hong Kong (P.R. China)

Bank of China Tower 367m

Hong Kong (P.R. China)

Emirates Towers One 355m

Dubai (U.A.E.)

Tuntex Tower 348m

Kaohsiung (Taiwan)

Aon Center 346m

Chicago (USA)

The Center 346m

Hong Kong (P.R. China)

John Hancock Center 344m

Chicago (USA)

Di Wang Tower 325m

Shenzen (P.R. China)

Burj al Arab Hotel 321m

Dubai (U.A.E.)

Baiyoke Tower II 320m

Bangkok (Thailand)

Chrysler Building 319m

New York (USA)

Bank of America Plaza 312m

Atlanta (USA)

Menara Telekom 310m

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)

Library Tower 310m

Los Angeles (USA)

Emirates Towers Two 309m

Dubai (U.A.E.)

AT e Center 307 m

Chicago (USA)

JPMorganChase Tower 305m

Houston (USA)

Baiyoke Tower II 304m

Bangkok (Thailand)

Two Prudential Plaza 303m

Chicago (USA)

Kingdom Centre 302m

Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

Ryugyong Hotel 300m

Pyongyang (North Korea)

All heights are top of the roof, not including any flags or antennas.

Towers

--------

C. N. Tower 553m

Toronto (Canada)

Ostankino Tower 540m

Moscow (Russia)

Pearl of the Orient 468m

Shanghai (P.R.China)

KL Tower Kuala 421m

Lumpur (Malaysia)

Tianjin Radio and TV Tower 415m

Tianjin (P.R.China)

Central Radio and TV Tower 405m

Beijing (P.R.China)

Tashkent Tower 375m

Tashkent (Uzbekistan)

Alma-Ata Tower 370m

Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan)

Liberation Tower 370m

Kuwait City

Television Tower 368m

Riga (Latvia)

Television Tower 365m

Berlin (Germany)

Stratosphere Tower 350m

Las Vegas (USA)

Central Station 346m

Hong Kong (Hong Kong)

Tokyo Tower 333m

Tokyo (Japan)

Europe Tower 331m

Frankfurt (Germany)

Emley Moor TV-Tower 330m

Emley Moor (United Kingdom)

Sky Tower 328m

Auckland (New Zealand)

Vilnius TV Tower 326m

Vilnius (Lithuania)

Eiffel Tower 321m

Paris (France)

T.V. Tower 314m

Tallinn (Estonia)

Highest Mountains

Everest (Nepal) 8850m

K2 (Kashmir) 8611m

Kangchenjunga (Nepal) 8600m

Makalu (Nepal) 8481m

Dhaulagiri (Nepal) 8172m

Nanga Parbat (Kashmir) 8126m

Annapurna (Nepal) 8078m

Gasherbrum (Kashmir) 8068m

Gosainthan (Tibet) 8013m

Household and Cooking Tips

1.Stuff a miniature marshmallow in the bottom of a sugar cone to prevent ice cream drips.

2.Use a meat baster to "squeeze" your pancake batter onto the hot griddle perfect shaped pancakes every time.

3.To keep potatoes from budding, place an apple in the bag with the potatoes.

4.To prevent egg shells from cracking, add a pinch of salt to the water before hard-boiling.

5.Run your hands under cold water before pressing Rice Krispies treats in the pan. The marshmallow won't stick to your fingers.

6.To get the most juice out of fresh lemons, bring them to room temperature roll them under your palm against the kitchen counter before squeezing.

7.To easily remove burnt-on food from your skillet, simply add a drop or two of dish soap and enough water to cover bottom of pan, and bring to a boil on stove-top - skillet will be much easier to clean.

8.Spray your Tupperware with nonstick cooking spray before pouring in tomato-based sauces - no more stains.

9.When a cake recipe calls for flouring the baking pan, use a bit of the dry cake mix instead - no white mess on the outside of the cake.

10.If you accidentally over-salt a dish while it's still cooking, drop in a peeled potato - it absorbs the excess salt for an instant "fix me up".

11.Wrap celery in aluminum foil when putting in the refrigerator - it will keep for weeks.

12.Place a slice of apple in hardened brown sugar to soften it back up.

13.To determine whether an egg is fresh, immerse it in a pan of cool, salted water. If it sinks, it is fresh - if it rises to the surface, throw it away.

14.Cure for headaches: Take a lime, cut it in half and rub it on your forehead. The throbbing will go away.

15.Don't throw out all that leftover wine: Freeze into ice cubes for future use in casseroles and sauces.

16.Potatoes will take food stains off your fingers. Just slice and rub raw potato on the stains and rinse with water.

17.To get rid of itch from mosquito bite: try applying soap on the area, instant relief.

18.Ants, ants, ants everywhere ... Well, they are said to never cross a chalk line. So get your chalk out and draw a line on the floor or wherever ants tend to march - see for yourself.

19.Ants, ants, ants everywhere - cheaper than ant killer - use Windex or any mirror cleaner.

20.Use air-freshener to clean mirrors: It does a good job and better still, leaves a lovely smell to the shine.

21.When you get a splinter, reach for the scotch tape before resorting to tweezers or a needle. Simply put the scotch tape over the splinter, then pull it off. Scotch tape removes most splinters painlessly and easily.

Hugo Award winners

Year, Author, Title

1953 Alfred Bester The Demolished Man

1954 No award

1955 Mark Clifton and Frank Riley They'd Rather Be Right

1956 Robert Heinlein Double Star

1957 No award

1958 Fritz Leiber The Big Time

1959 James Blish A Case of Conscience

1960 Robert Heinlein Starship Troopers

1961 Walter M. Miller, Jr. A Canticle for Leibowitz

1962 Robert Heinlein Stranger in a Strange Land

1963 Philip K. Dick The Man in the High Castle

1964 Clifford D. Simak Way Station

1965 Fritz Leiber The Wanderer

1966 Roger Zelazny ".And Call Me Conrad"

Frank Herbert Dune

1967 Robert Heinlein The Moon is a Harsh Mistress

1968 Roger Zelazny Lord of Light

1969 John Brunner Stand on Zanzibar

1970 Ursula K. Le Guin The Left Hand of Darkness

1971 Larry Niven Ringworld

1972 Philip Jos√© Farmer To Your Scattered Bodies Go

1973 Isaac Asimov The Gods Themselves

1974 Arthur C. Clarke Rendezvous with Rama

1975 Ursula K. Le Guin The Dispossessed

1976 Joe Haldeman The Forever War

1977 Kate Wilhelm Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang

1978 Frederik Pohl Gateway

1979 Vonda N. McIntyre Dreamsnake

1980 Arthur C. Clarke The Fountains of Paradise

1981 Joan D. Vinge The Snow Queen

1982 C. J. Cherryh Downbelow Station

1983 Isaac Asimov Foundation's Edge

1984 David Brin Startide Rising

1985 William Gibson Neuromancer

1986 Orson Scott Card Ender's Game

1987 Orson Scott Card Speaker for the Dead

1988 David Brin The Uplift War

1989 C. J. Cherryh Cyteen

1990 Dan Simmons Hyperion

1991 Lois McMaster Bujold The Vor Game

1992 Lois McMaster Bujold Barrayar

1993 Vernor Vinge A Fire Upon the Deep

Connie Willis Doomsday Book

1994 Kim Stanley Robinson Green Mars

1995 Lois McMaster Bujold Mirror Dance

1996 Neal Stephenson The Diamond Age

1997 Kim Stanley Robinson Blue Mars

1998 Joe Haldeman Forever Peace

1999 Connie Willis To Say Nothing of the Dog

2000 Vernor Vinge A Deepness in the Sky

2001 J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

2002 Neil Gaiman American Gods

2003 Robert J. Sawyer Hominids

2004 Lois McMaster Bujold Paladin of Souls

International car codes

A...

A Austria

AFG Afghanistan

AL Albania

AND Andorra

ANG Angola

AR Armenia

AUS Australia

AZ Azerbaijan

B...

B Belgium

BD Bangladesh

BDS Barbados

BF Burkina Faso

BG Bulgaria

BH Belize

BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina

BOL Bolivia

BR Brasil

BRN Bahrain

BRU Brunei Darussalam

BS Bahamas

BY Belarus

C...

C Cuba

CDN Canada

CH Switzerland

CI C√¥te d'Ivoire

CO Colombia

CR Costa Rica

CY Cyprus

CZ Czech Republic

D...

D Germany

DK Denmark

DOM Dominican Republic

DZ Algeria

E...

E Spain

EAK Kenya

EAT Tanzania

EAU Uganda

EC Ecuador

ER Eritrea

ES El Salvador

EST Estland

ET Egypt

ETH Ehtiopia

F...

F France

FIN Finland

FJI Fiji

FL Liechtenstein

FR Faroe Islands

G...

GB United Kingdom

GBA Alderney

GBG Guernsey

GBJ Jersey

GBM Isle Man

GBZ Gibraltar

GCA Guatemala

GE Georgia

GH Ghana

GR Greece

GUY Guyana

H...

H Hungary

HK Hongkong

HN Honduras

HR Croatia

I...

I Italy

IL Israel

IND India

IR Iran

IRL Ireland

IRQ Iraq

IS Iceland

J...

J Japan

JA Jamaica

JOR Jordan

K...

K Cambodia

KS Kyrgyzstan

KSA Saudi Arabia

KWT Kuwait

KZ Kazakhstan

L...

L Luxembourg

LAO Laos

LS Lesotho

LT Lithuania

LV Latvia

M...

M Malta

MA Morocco

MAL Malaysia

MC Monaco

MD Moldova

MEX Mexico

MK Macedonia

MOC Mozambique

MS Mauritania

MW Malawi

MYA Myanmar

N...

N Norway

NA Netherlands Antilles

NAM Namibia

NIC Nicaragua

NL Netherlands

NZ New Zealand

O...

OM Oman

P...

P Portugal

PA Panama

PE Peru

PK Pakistan

PL Poland

PR Puerto Rico

PY Paraguay

Q...

Q Qatar

R...

RA Argentinia

RB Botswana

RC China (Taiwan)

RCA Central African Republic

RCB Kongo

RCH Chile

RH Haiti

RI Indonesia

RIM Mauritania

RL Lebanon

RM Madagaskar

RMM Mali

RN Niger

RO Romania

ROK Korea (Republik)

ROU Uruguay

RP Philippines

RSM San Marino

RT Togo

RUS Russian Federation

RWA Rwanda

S...

S Sweden

SD Swasiland

SGP Singapore

SK Slovakia

SLO Slovenia

SME Suriname

SN Senegal

SP Somalia

SY Seyschelles

SYR Syria

T...

THA Thailand

TJ Tajikistan

TM Turkmenistan

TN Tunisia

TR Turkey

TT Trinidad and Tobago

U...

UA Ukraine

UAE United Arab Emirates

USA United States

UZ Uzbekistan

V...

V Vatican State

VN Vietnam

W...

WAG Gambia

WAL Sierra Leone

WAN Nigeria

WD Dominica

WG Grenada

WL Saint Lucia

WS Western Samoa

WV St. Vincent and the Grenadinen

Y...

YU Yugoslawia (Serbia/Montenegro)

YV Venezuela

Z...

Z Zambia

ZA South Africa

ZRE Zaire

ZW Zimbabwe

Inventions and Inventors (up to 20th century)

1590 Compound microscope

Zacharias Janssen

1593 Water thermometer

Galileo

1608 Telescope

Hans Lippershey

1642 Adding machine

Blaise Pascal

1643 Barometer

Evangelista Torricelli

1656 Pendulum clock

Christiaan Huygens

1668 Reflecting telescope

Isaac Newton

1671 Calculating machine

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

1701 Seed drill

Jethro Tull

1705 Steam engine

Thomas Newcomen

1710 Piano

Bartolomeo Cristofori

1714 Mercury thermometer

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

1717 Diving bell

Edmund Halley

1725 Stereotyping

William Ged

1752 Lightning rod

Benjamin Franklin

1759 Marine chronometer

John Harrison

1770 Automobile

Nicholas Joseph Cugnot

1775 Submarine

David Bushnell

1780 Steel pen

Samuel Harrison

1780 Bifocal lens

Benjamin Franklin

1783 Balloon

The Montgolfier brothers

1784 Threshing machine

Andrew Meikle

1786 Steamboat

John Fitch

1788 Flyball governor

James Watt

1791 Gas turbine

John Barber

1796 Smallpox vaccination

Edward Jenner

1800 Electric battery

Count Alessandro Volta

1804 Screw propeller

John Stevens

1804 Solid-fuel rocket

William Congreve

1810 Printing Press

Frederick Koenig

1815 Safety lamp

Sir Humphry Davy

1816 Bicycle

Karl D. Sauerbronn

1819 Stethoscope

Ren√© Th√©ophile Hyacinthe La√´nnee

1820 Galvanometer

Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger

1821 Electric motor

Michael Faraday

1823 Electromagnet

William Sturgeon

1827 Friction match

John Walker

1829 Typewriter

W.A. Burt

1829 Braille printing

Louis Braille

1830 Sewing machine

Barth√©lemy Thimonnier

1831 Dynamo

Michael Faraday

1835 Pistol

Samuel Colt

1838 Morse code

Samuel Finley Breese Morse

1839 Vulcanized rubber

Charles Goodyear

1845 Pneumatic tire

Robert William Thompson

1846 Ether

Crawford Williamson Long

1849 Reinforced concrete

F.J. Monier

1849 Safety pin

Walter Hunt

1852 Elevator

Elisha Graves Otis

1852 Gyroscope

Jean Bernard L√©on Foucault

1855 Hypodermic syringe

Alexander Wood

1855 Safety matches

J.E. Lundstrom

1855 Gas burner

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen

1858 Harvester

Charles and William Marsh

1860 Gas engine

√âtienne Lenoir

1861 Electric furnace

Wilhelm Siemens

1861 Machine gun

Richard Jordan Gatling

1861 Kinematoscope

Coleman Sellers

1865 Antiseptic surgery

Joseph Lister

1866 Paper

Benjamin Chew Tilghman

1866 Dynamite

Alfred Bernhard Nobel

1868 Dry cell

Georges Leclanch√©

1868 Typewriter

Carlos Glidden and Christopher Latham Sholes

1870 Celluloid

John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt

1876 Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell

1877 4 cycle combustion engine

Nikolaus August Otto

1877 Phonograph

Thomas Alva Edison

1877 Microphone

Emile Berliner

1877 Electric welding

Elihu Thomson

1878 Cathode ray tube

Sir William Crookes

1879 Cash register

James J. Ritty

1879 Incandescent filament lamp

Thomas Alva Edison and Sir Joseph Wilson Swan

1879 2 cycle Automobile engine

Karl Benz

1884 Steam turbine

C.A. Parsons

1884 Fountain pen

Lewis Edson Waterman

1885 AC transformer

William Stanley

1887 Air-inflated rubber tire

J.B. Dunlop

1887 Gramophone

Emile Berliner

1887 Gas mantle

Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach

1888 Adding machine

William Seward Burroughs

1888 Kodak camera

George Eastman

1889 Steam turbine

C.G. de Laval

1891 Glider

Otto Lilienthal

1892 AC motor

Nikola Tesla

1892 Three-color camera

Frederick Eugene Ives

1892 Vacuum flask

Sir James Dewar

1893 Photoelectric cell

Julius Elster Hans F. Geitel

1893 Diesel engine

Rudolf Diesel

1893 Gasoline automobile

Charles Edgar Duryea and J. Frank Duryea

1898 Sensitized photographic paper

Leo Hendrik Baekeland

Inventions and Inventors (20th century onwards)

1900 Rigid dirigible airship

Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin

1903 Airplane

Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright

1903 Electrocardiograph

Willem Einthoven

1905 Diode rectifier tube

Sir John Ambrose Fleming

1906 Gyrocompass

Hermann Ansch√ºtz-K√§mpfe

1907 Triode amplifier tube

Lee De Forest

1910 Gyroscopic compass

Elmer Ambrose Sperry

1911 Vitamins

Casimir Funk

1911 Cellophane

Jacques Edwin Brandenberger

1911 Neon lamp

Georges Claude

1913 Ramjet engine

Ren√© Lorin

1913 Heterodyne radio receiver

Reginald Aubrey Fessenden

1915 Automobile self-starter

Charles Franklin Kettering

1916 Browning gun

John Moses Browning

1916 Gas-filled incandescent lamp

Irving Langmuir

1916 X-ray tube

William David Coolidge

1922 Insulin

Sir Frederick Grant Banting

1925 Quick-frozen food

Clarence Birdseye

1926 Liquid-fuel rocket

Robert Hutchings Goddard

1928 Penicillin

Sir Alexander Fleming

1930 Nylon

Wallace Hume Carothers

1930 Modern gas-turbine engine

Sir Frank Whittle

1931 Cyclotron

Ernest Orlando Lawrence

1932 Van de Graaff generator

Robert Jemison Van de Graaff

1935 Radar

Sir Robert Watson-Watt

1935 Electron microscope

German scientists

1936 Twin-rotor helicopter

Heinrich Focke

1937 Nylon

Wallace Hume Carothers

1939 DDT

Paul M√ºller

1939 Helicopter

Igor Sikorsky

1941 Turbojet aircraft engine

Sir Frank Whittle

1942 Guided missile

Wernher von Braun

1942 Nuclear reactor

Enrico Fermi

1945 Atomic bomb

U.S. government scientists

1946 Electronic digital computer

John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John W. Mauchly

1947 Holography

Dennis Gabon

1947 Microwave oven

Percy L. Spencer

1948 Transistor

John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Shockley

1949 Ramjet airplane

Ren√© Leduc

1950 Color television

Peter Carl Goldmark

1952 Hydrogen bomb

U.S. government scientists

1952 Bubble chamber

Donald Arthur Glaser

1954 Solar battery

Bell Telephone Laboratory scientists

1955 Carbon dating

W.F. Libby

1956 Hovercraft

Christopher Cockerell

1956 First prototype rotary engine

Felix Wankel

1956 Videotape

Charles Ginsberg Ray Dolby

1959 Integrated circuit

Jack Kilby Robert Noyce

1960 Laser

Charles Hard Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow and Gordon Gould

1962 Light-emitting diode

Nick Holonyak, Jr.

1964 Liquid-crystal display

George Heilmeier

1971 Microprocessor

Ted Hoff

1972 Electronic pocket calculator

J.S. Kilby and J.D. Merryman

1975 Fibreoptics

Bell Laboratories

1976 Supercomputer

J.H. Van Tassel and Seymour Cray

1980 Compact Disk Digital Audio

Philips and Sony

1992 World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee

IQ notes

In children at least, IQ = Mental age / Chronological age

100 Average for population

120 Grammar school level

136 Top 6% of population

140 Top 4% of population

148 Top 2% of population

150 Genius level

155 Top 1% of population

Breast fed babies have IQ's on average 8 points higher than non-breastfead babies.

James Bond Films

David Niven :

1966 Casino Royale (also featuring Woody Allen)

Sean Connery :

1962 Dr No

1963 From Russia With Love

1964 Goldfinger

1965 Thunderball

1967 You Only Live Twice

1971 Diamonds Are Forever

1983 Never Say Never Again

George Lazenby :

1969 On Her Majesty's Secret Service

Roger Moore :

1973 Live and Let Die

1974 The Man With The Golden Gun

1977 The Spy Who Loved Me

1979 Moonraker

1981 For Your Eyes Only

1983 Octopussy

1985 A View To A Kill

Timothy Dalton :

1987 The Living Daylights

1989 Licence To Kill

Pierce Brosnan :

1995 Goldeneye

1997 Tomorrow Never Dies

1999 The World Is Not Enough

2002 Die Another Day

James Bond Title Songs

(Film, song, performer)

Dr. NO

The James Bond-Theme

Monty Norman

From Russia With Love

Matt Monro

Goldfinger

Shirley Bassey

Thunderball

Tom Jones

You Only Live Twice

Nancy Sinatra

On Her Majesty's Secret Service

We Have All The Time In The World

Lois Armstrong

Diamonds Are Forever

Shirley Bassey

Live and Let Die

Live And Let Die

Paul McCartney The Wings

The Man With The Golden Gun

Lulu

The Spy Who Loved Me

Nobody Does It Better

Carly Simon

Moonraker

Shirley Bassey

For Your Eyes Only

Sheena Easton

Octopussy

All Time High

Rita Coolidge

Never Say Never Again

Lani Hall

A View To A Kill

Duran Duran

The Living Daylights

A-HA

Licence To Kill

Gladys Knight

Goldeneye

Tina Turner

Tomorrow Never Dies

Tomorrow Neve Dies

Sheryl Crow

The World Is Not Enough

Garbage

Die Another Day

Madonna

Jesus's Disciples

Philip

Simon (known as Peter)

Andrew (Simons Brother)

Bartholomew

Thomas

James, son of Zebedee his brother John

Matthew (tax collector)

James, son of Alpheus

Thaddeus

Simon of Cannae

Judas Iscariot

Kings and Queens of England

Saxons and Danes

----------------------------

Canute (Cnut) 1016-35

Edward the Confessor (Edward I) 1042-66

Harold II 1066

Normans

-------------

William I (the Conqueror) 1066-87

William II (Rufus) 1087-1100

Henry I 1100-35

Stephen 1135-54

House of Plantagenet (Angevin)

------------------------------

Henry II 1154-89

Richard I (Lionheart) 1189-99

John 1199-1216

Henry III 1216-72

Edward I 1272-1307

Edward II 1307-27

Edward III 1327-77

Richard II 1377-99

House of Lancaster

----------------------------

Henry IV (Bolingbroke) 1399-1413

Henry V 1413-22

Henry VI 1422-61 and 1470-71

House of York

---------------------

Edward IV 1461-70 and 1471-83

Edward V 1483

Richard III 1483-85

(The change of throne between the House of Lancaster and the House of York indicates the power struggle that has become known as the War of the Roses).

Tudors

----------

Henry VII (Tudor) 1485-1509

Henry VIII 1509-47

Edward VI 1547-53

Lady Jane Grey (9 day Queen) 1553

Mary I 1553-58

Elizabeth I 1558-1603

Stuarts

-----------

James I 1603-25

Charles I 1625-49

The Commonwealth

-----------------------------

Oliver Cromwell 1649-58

Richard Cromwell 1658-59

Stuart Restoration

--------------------------

Charles II 1660-85

James II 1685-88

William III (of Orange) and Mary II 1689-1702

Anne 1702-14

House of Hanover

-------------------------

George I 1714-27

George II 1727-60

George III 1760-1820

George IV 1820-30

William IV 1830-37

House of Saxe-Coburg

--------------------------

Victoria 1837-1901

Edward VII 1901-10

House of Windsor

--------------------------

George V 1910-36

Edward VIII 1936

George VI 1936-52

Elizabeth II 1953-

Largest and smallest countries

(by area)

Russia 17,075,200 sqkm

Canada 9,970,610 sqkm

USA 9,629,047 sqkm

Brazil 8,547,404 sqkm

Australia 7,682,300 sqkm

Vatican City 0.44 sqkm

Monaco 1.95 sqkm

Nauru 21.3 sqkm

Tuvalu 26 sqkm

San Marino 60.2 sqkm

Largest Deserts

(Area in Thousands of Square miles)

Sahara 3,500

Australian 600

Arabian 500

Gobi 400

Kalahari 275

Patagonia 260

Takla Makan 127

Sonoran 120

Kara Kum 105

Thar 105

Kyzyl Kum 90

Atacama 68

Mojave 25

Dasht-e-Lut 20

Dasht-e-Kavir 18

Largest Islands

Greenland 840000 sq miles

New Guinea 304980

Borneo 289961

Madagascar 226657

Baffin Is (Canada) 195926

Sumatra 163011

Honshu (Japan) 88839

Great Britain 84186

Victoria Is (Canada) 83896

Ellesmere Is (Canada) 75767

NB. Australia (2941517) is normally regarded as a continental land mass.

Largest Lakes

(Areas in thousands of square km)

Superior 82

Victoria 69

Aral Sea 68

Huron 59

Michigan 58

Tanganyika 32

Great Bear 31

Baikal 31

Great Slave 28

Erie 25

Winnipeg 24

Malawi 23

Maracaibo 21

Ontario 19

Latin abbreviations

A.D. - Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord

ad lib - ad libitum, as much as you like

a.m. - ante meridien, before noon

contra - against

D.V. - Deo volente, God willing

e.g. - exempli gratia, for example

etc. - et cetera, and the rest

id. - idem, the same

i.e. - id est, that is

N.B. - nota bene, mark well

p.a. - per annum, for each year

p.m. - post meridiem, afternoon

ps. - post scriptum (written afterwards)

viz. - videlicet, namely

vs. - versus (compared) against

Leap years & leap centuries

Century years, such as 1900 2000, are leap years if they are evenly divisible by 400. The basic rules for calculating leap years are:

1) Years divisible by 4 are leap years, but

2) Years divisible by 100 are not leap years, but

3) Years divisible by 400 are leap years.

The need for leap years is due to the fact that the actual length of a year is 365.242 days, not 365, as is commonly stated. To account for this, an extra day is added as February 29th on years that are evenly divisible by 4 (eg. 1992).

Since the year is slightly less than 365.25 days long, adding an extra day every 4 years results in about 3 extra days being added over a 400-year period. For this reason, 1 out of every 4 century years also needs to be a leap year.

Using this arrangement a year has 365.2425 days on the average.

Life Expectancy - Female

Australia - 80.6 Years

Austria - 81.2 Years

Belgium - 80.8 Years

Czech Rep. - 78.4 Years

Danmark - 79.0 Years

Canada - 80.7 Years

Cyprus - 80.3 Years

Estonia - 76.2 Years

Finland - 81.5 Years

France - 83.0 Years

Germany - 80.6 Years

Greece - 80.7 Years

Hungary - 75.6 Years

Ireland - 78.5 Years

Iceland - 80.8 Years

Italy - 82.9 Years

Japan - 84.2 Years

Latvia - 76.6 Years

Lithuania - 77.4 Years

Luxembourg - 81.3 Years

Malta - 80.8 Years

Netherlands - 80.6 Years

Norway - 81.4 Years

Poland - 78.4 Years

Portugal - 80.3 Years

Spain - 82.9 Years

Sweden - 82.1 Years

Switzerland - 82.8 Years

Slovakia - 77.2 Years

Slovenia - 79.6 Years

UK - 81.0 Years

USA - 80.0 Years

Life Expectancy - Male

Australia - 74.7 Years

Austria - 75.4 Years

Belgium - 74.4 Years

Czech Rep. - 71.7 Years

Danmark - 74.3 Years

Canada - 74.2 Years

Cyprus - 75.7 Years

Estonia - 64.7 Years

Finland - 74.6 Years

France - 75.5 Years

Germany - 74.4 Years

Greece - 75.4 Years

Hungary - 67.2 Years

Irland - 73.0 Years

Iceland - 76.8 Years

Italy - 76.7 Years

Japan - 77.6 Years

Latvia - 65.2 Years

Lithuania - 65.9 Years

Luxembourg - 74.9 Years

Malta - 76.1 Years

Netherlands - 75.7 Years

Norway - 76.0 Years

Poland - 70.2 Years

Portugal - 73.5 Years

Spain - 75.6 Years

Sweden - 77.5 Years

Switzerland - 77.2 Years

Slovakia - 69.3 Years

Slovenia - 72.1 Years

UK - 76.0 Years

USA - 74.4 Years

Maslow list of human needs

1. Eat, drink, sex

2. Safety, protection, security

3. Affection, involvement

4. Demanding love

5. Respect, recognition, self respect

6. knowledge, order, understanding

7. self actualisation, max personal development

Mohs hardness scale (modified)

1 Talc

2 Gypsum

3 Calcite

4 Fluorite

5 Apatite

6 Orthoclase

7 Vitreous silica

8 Quartz or Stellite

9 Topaz

10 Garnet

11 Fused Zirconia

12 Fused Alumina

13 Silicon Carbide

14 Boron Carbide

15 Diamond

Morse Code

A Ôæ∑- J Ôæ∑--- S Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑

B -Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑ K -Ôæ∑- T -

C -Ôæ∑-Ôæ∑ L Ôæ∑-Ôæ∑Ôæ∑ U Ôæ∑Ôæ∑-

D -Ôæ∑Ôæ∑ M -- VÔæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑-

E Ôæ∑ N -Ôæ∑ W Ôæ∑--

F Ôæ∑Ôæ∑-Ôæ∑ O --- X -Ôæ∑Ôæ∑-

G --Ôæ∑ P Ôæ∑--Ôæ∑ Y -Ôæ∑--

H Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑ Q --Ôæ∑- Z --Ôæ∑Ôæ∑

I Ôæ∑Ôæ∑ RÔæ∑-Ôæ∑

1 Ôæ∑---- 6 -Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑

2 Ôæ∑Ôæ∑--- 7 --Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑

3 Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑-- 8 ---Ôæ∑Ôæ∑

4 Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑- 9 ----Ôæ∑

5 Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑Ôæ∑ 0 -----

period .-.-.-

comma --..--

colon ---...

query ..--..

apostrophe .----.

hyphen -....-

fraction bar -..-.

parentheses -.--.-

quotation marks .-..-.

Most Common Adult Fears

1. Public Speaking

2. Getting Fat

3. Going out alone at night

3. Going to the dentist

3 Own death

6. Spiders and insects

6. Swimming in the ocean

8. Being in high, exposed places, like the Eiffel Tower

9. Flying in planes

10. Being in a crowd of people

11. Being in the dark

12. Friday the 13th

Mr Men

Nosey

Strong

Jelly

Mean

Sneeze

Greedy

Bounce

Fussy

Happy

Uppity

Mischief

Dizzy

Grumpy

Messy

Slow

Snow

Rush

Imposible

Skinny

Muddle

Tickle

Noisy

Quiet

Lazy

Small

Chatterbox

Topsey Turvey

Wrong

Tall

Funey

Clumsy

Nonsense

Bump

Daydream

Clever

Worry

Busy

Brave

Grumble

Perfect

Cheerful

Forgetful

Silly

Musical abbreviations

Ad lib

Ad libitum

D.C.

Da capo

Dim.

Diminuendo

Forte

ff, fff

Fortissimo

Forzando

G.P.

General pause, Grand pause

M.D.

Main droite, Mano destra

M.G.

M.S.

Main gauche, mano sinistra

Mezzo forte

Mezzo Piano

pp, ppp

Pianissimo

pizz

Pizzicato

rit

Ritenuto

sf, sfz

Sforzando, sforzato

V.S.

Volti subito

Musical Notes

1/16th semi quaver

1/8th quaver

1/4th crochet

1/2th minum

whole semibreve

Musical terms

A Cappella

Unaccompanied vocal piece

A tempo

Resume normal speed

Accelerando

Gradually faster

Ad libitum

At pleasure (style and speed at performers discretion)

Adagietto

Fairly slow

Adagio

Slow

Adagissimo

Very slow

Alla Breve

Two minims in a bar

Allargando

Getting slower

Allegretto

Fairly lively and fast

Allegro

Fast, lively

Andante

Moderate (walking) pace

Animato

Animated

Appassionata/o

Passionately

Arpeggio

Like a harp

Bis

Twice

Brio

Vigour

Cadenza

A passage usually towards end of a solo piece, where soloist plays alone in a skilled way

Canon

Piece of music where one voice repeats the part of another, throughout the whole piece.

Capo

The beginning

Capriccio, Caprice

A light, free piece of music

Coda

A passage at the end of a movement

Codetta

Little coda

Con Anima

with feeling

Con moto

With movement

Crescendo

Gradually louder

Da capo

From the beginning

Decrescendo

Becoming gradually softer

Diminuendo

Becoming gradually softer

Dolce

Sweetly, tenderly

Dolcissimo

Very sweetly and gently

Dolente

Sadly

Duet

Piece for two players

Energico

With energy

Espressivo

With expression

Finale

The last movement

Fine

The end

Forte, Loud

Fortissimo

Very Loud

Forzando

Forcingly, sudden emphasis or accent

Fuga

A fugue

Fugato

In fugal style

Fugue

A piece of music of contrapuntal style, based on a theme, with more than one voice

Furioso

Furiously

General pause, Grand pause

Everyone to remain silent (pause)

Glissando

Rapid scale passage produced by sliding over keys or strings

Grandioso

Grandly

Grave

Very slow and solemn

Grazioso

Gracefully

Impetuoso

Impetuously

Incalzando

Increasing speed and tone

L'istesso Tempo

Keep same speed

Lacrimoso

Sadly, tearfully

Lamentoso

Mournfully

Larghetto

Slightly faster than largo

Largo

Slow and stately

Legatissimo

As smooth as you can

Legato

Smooth

Leggiero

Light and delicate

Lento

Slow

Loco

Back to playing notes at their normal pitch

Lontano

As from a distance

Lunga pausa

Long pause

Lusingando

Coaxing

Ma non troppo

But not too much

Maestoso

Majestically

Main droite, Mano destra

Right hand

Main gauche, mano sinistra

Left hand

Mancando

Dying away

Marcia

March

Martellato

Hammered out

Marziale

Martial

Mesto

Sadly

Mezza voce Mezzo forte

Moderately loud

Mezzo Piano

Moderately quiet

Moderato

Moderate time

Morendo

Gradually dying away

Moto, Movimento

Movement

Muta

Change

Non troppo

Not too much

Obbligato

Obligatory, musn't be omitted

Ostinato

Persistently repeated

Ottava bassa

Octave lower

Parlando, Parlante

Sung in a talking fashion

Passionato

Passionately

Patetico

With feeling

Pausa

A Rest / break

Perdendosi

Dying away

Piacevole

Agreeable

Piangevole

Plaintively

Pianissimo

Very soft

Pizzicato

Plucked

Pochissimo

As small as possible

Portamento

Smooth glide from note to note

Prestissimo

As fast as possible

Presto

Very fast

Primo volta

First time

Quasi recitativo

Like a recital

Rallentando

Getting slower gradually

Repetizone, replica

Repeat

Rigoroso

Strictly, rigerous

Risoluto

Bold

Risvegliato

More animation

Ritardando

Gradually slower

Ritenuto

Hold back

Scherzando

Playful

Segue

Carry on

Sempre

Always

Senza misura

In free time

Senza sordini

Without mute

Sforzando, sforzato

Accented (forced)

Slargando, slentando

Gradually slower

Smorzando

Dying away

Soave

Smooth

Solenne

Solemn

Sordini

Mute

Sospirando

Sighingly

Sostenuto

Sustained

Spiritoso

Spirited

Staccatissimo

Very detached

Staccato

Detached

Stringendo

Gradually faster

Suave

Gentle, smooth

Sul Ponticello

Play near the violin bridge

Tacet

Silent

Tempo comodo

At a convenient speed

Tempo giusto

Strict time

Tempo primo

Back to original s

Musicians

1 Soloist

2 Duet

3 Trio

4 Quartet

5 Quintet

6 Sextet

7 Septet

8 Octet

Nautic measure units

Nautic mile (n.mi) : 1 arc minute of the earth circumference,

1852 meters

Knot (knot) : speed in sea-miles per hour

bruttoregisterton (brt) : 100 cubic foot, 2831.6846592 liter

Newton's Laws of Motion

I - Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless impressed forces act on it

II - The change of momentum per unit time is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction of the straight line along which the force acts

III - Action and Reaction are always equal and opposite

Nobel chemistry prizes

1901 Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff (NL)

1902 Hermann Emil Fischer (D)

1903 Svante August Arrhenius (S)

1904 Sir William Ramsay (GB)

1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (D)

1906 Henri Moissan (F)

1907 Eduard Buchner (D)

1908 Ernest Rutherford (GB)

1909 Wilhelm Ostwald (D)

1910 Otto Wallach (D)

1911 Marie Curie (F)

1912 Victor Grignard (F), Paul Sabatier (F)

1913 Alfred Werner (CH)

1914 Theodore William Richards (USA)

1915 Richard Martin Willst√§tter (D)

1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1917 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1918 Fritz Haber (D)

1919 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1920 Walther Hermann Nernst (D)

1921 Frederick Soddy (GB)

1922 Francis William Aston (GB)

1923 Fritz Pregl (A)

1924 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (D)

1926 The (Theodor), Svedberg (S)

1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland (D)

1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (D)

1929 Arthur Harden (GB), Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (S)

1930 Hans Fischer (D)

1931 Carl Bosch (D), Friedrich Bergius (D)

1932 Irving Langmuir (USA)

1933 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1934 Harold Clayton Urey (USA)

1935 Fr√©d√©ric Joliot (F), Ir√®ne Joliot-Curie (F)

1936 Petrus (Peter), Josephus Wilhelmus Debye (NL)

1937 Walter Norman Haworth (GB), Paul Karrer (CH)

1938 Richard Kuhn (D)

1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (D), Leopold Ruzicka (CH)

1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1943 George de Hevesy (H)

1944 Otto Hahn (D)

1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (FIN)

1946 James Batcheller Sumner (USA), John Howard Northrop (USA), Wendell Meredith Stanley (USA)

1947 Sir Robert Robinson (GB)

1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (S)

1949 William Francis Giauque (USA)

1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels (D), Kurt Alder (D)

1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan (USA), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (USA)

1952 Archer John Porter Martin (GB), Richard Laurence Millington Synge (GB)

1953 Hermann Staudinger (D)

1954 Linus Carl Pauling (USA)

1955 Vincent du Vigneaud (USA)

1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (GB), Nikolay Nikolaevich Semjonov (SU)

1957 Lord Alexander R. Todd (GB)

1958 Frederick Sanger (GB)

1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsk√Ω (CSSR)

1960 Willard Frank Libby (USA)

1961 Melvin Calvin (USA)

1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz (GB), John Cowdery Kendrew (GB)

1963 Karl Ziegler (D), Giulio Natta (I)

1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (GB)

1965 Robert Burns Woodward (USA)

1966 Robert S. Mulliken (USA)

1967 Manfred Eigen (D), Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (GB), George Porter (GB)

1968 Lars Onsager (USA)

1969 Derek H. R. Barton (GB), Odd Hassel (N)

1970 Luis F. Leloir (RA)

1971 Gerhard Herzberg (CDN)

1972 Christian B. Anfinsen (USA), Stanford Moore (USA), William H. Stein (USA)

1973 Ernst Otto Fischer (D), Geoffrey Wilkinson (GB)

1974 Paul J. Flory (USA)

1975 John Warcup Cornforth (GB), Vladimir Prelog (CH)

1976 William N. Lipscomb (USA)

1977 Ilya Prigogine (B)

1978 Peter D. Mitchell (GB)

1979 Herbert C. Brown (USA), Georg Wittig (D)

1980 Paul Berg (USA), Walter Gilbert (USA), Frederick Sanger (GB)

1981 Kenichi Fukui (J), Roald Hoffmann (USA)

1982 Aaron Klug (GB)

1983 Henry Taube (USA)

1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA)

1985 Herbert A. Hauptman (USA), Jerome Karle (USA)

1986 Dudley R. Herschbach (USA), Yuan T. Lee (USA), John C. Polanyi (USA)

Nobel chemistry prizes (cont.)

1987 Donald J. Cram (USA), Jean-Marie Lehn (USA), Charles J. Pedersen (USA)

1988 Johann Deisenhofer (D), Robert Huber (D), Hartmut Michel (D)

1989 Sidney Altman (CDN), Thomas R. Cech (USA)

1990 Elias James Corey (USA)

1991 Richard R. Ernst (CH)

1992 Rudolph A. Marcus (USA)

1993 Kary B. Mullis (GB), Michael Smith (GB)

1994 George A. Olah (USA)

1995 Paul J. Crutzen (NL), Mario J. Molina (USA), F. Sherwood Rowland (USA)

1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. (USA), Sir Harold W. Kroto (GB), Richard E. Smalley (USA)

1997 Paul D. Boyer (USA), John E. Walker (GB), Jens C. Skou (DK)

1998 Walter Kohn (A), John A. Pople (GB)

1999 Ahmed H. Zewail (ET)

2000 Alan J. Heeger (USA), Alan G. MacDiarmid (USA), Hideki Shirakawa (J)

2001 William S. Knowles (USA), Ryoji Noyori (J), K. Barry Sharpless (USA)

2002 John B. Fenn (USA), Koichi Tanaka (J), Kurt W√ºthrich (CH)

2003 Robert F. Engle (USA), Clive W. J. Granger (GB)

2004 Aaron Ciechanover (IL), Avram Hershko(IL), Irwin Rose (USA)

Nobel economics prizes

1969 Ragnar Frisch (N), Jan Tinbergen (NL)

1970 Paul A. Samuelson (USA)

1971 Simon Kuznets (USA)

1972 John R. Hicks (GB), Kenneth J. Arrow (USA)

1973 Wassily Leontief (USA)

1974 Gunnar Myrdal (S), Friedrich August von Hayek (GB)

1975 Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (USA), Tjalling C. Koopmans (USA)

1976 Milton Friedman (USA)

1977 Bertil Ohlin (S), James E. Meade (GB)

1978 Herbert A. Simon (USA)

1979 Theodore W. Schultz (USA), Sir Arthur Lewis (USA)

1980 Lawrence R. Klein (USA)

1981 James Tobin (USA)

1982 George J. Stigler (USA)

1983 Gerard Debreu (USA)

1984 Richard Stone (GB)

1985 Franco Modigliani (USA)

1986 James M. Buchanan Jr. (USA)

1987 Robert M. Solow (USA)

1988 Maurice Allais (F)

1989 Trygve Haavelmo (N)

1990 Harry M. Markowitz (USA), Merton H. Miller (USA), William F. Sharpe (USA)

1991 Ronald H. Coase (GB)

1992 Gary S. Becker (USA)

1993 Robert W. Fogel (USA), Douglass C. North (USA)

1994 John C. Harsanyi (USA), John F. Nash Jr. (USA), Reinhard Selten (D)

1995 Robert E. Lucas Jr. (USA)

1996 James A. Mirrlees (GB), William Vickrey (CAN)

1997 Robert C. Merton (USA), Myron S. Scholes (USA)

1998 Amartya Sen (IND)

1999 Robert A. Mundell (CAN)

2000 James J. Heckman (USA), Daniel L. McFadden (USA)

2001 George A. Akerlof (USA), A. Michael Spence (USA), Joseph E. Stiglitz (USA)

2002 Daniel Kahneman (USA/IL), Vernon L. Smith (USA)

2003 Robert F. Engle (USA), Clive W. J. Granger (GB)

2004 Finn E. Kydland (N), Edward C. Prescott (USA)

Nobel literature prizes

1901 Sully Prudhomme (F)

1902 Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (D)

1903 Bj√∏rnstjerne Martinus Bj√∏rnson (N)

1904 Fr√©d√©ric Mistral (F), Jos√© Echegaray Y Eizaguirre (E)

1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz (PL)

1906 Giosu√® Carducci (I)

1907 Rudyard Kipling (GB)

1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken (D)

1909 Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerl√∂f (S)

1910 Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse (D)

1911 Count Maurice (Mooris), Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck (B)

1912 Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann (D)

1913 Rabindranath Tagore (IND)

1914 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1915 Romain Rolland (F)

1916 Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (S)

1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup (DK), Henrik Pontoppidan (DK)

1918 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1919 Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (CH)

1920 Knut Pedersen Hamsun (N)

1921 Anatole France (F)

1922 Jacinto Benavente (E)

1923 William Butler Yeats (IRL)

1924 Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont (PL)

1925 George Bernard Shaw (GB)

1926 Grazia Deledda (I)

1927 Henri Bergson (F)

1928 Sigrid Undset (N)

1929 Thomas Mann (D)

1930 Sinclair Lewis (USA)

1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt (S)

1932 John Galsworthy (GB)

1933 Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (stateless domicile in France)

1934 Luigi Pirandello (I)

1935 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1936 Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (USA)

1937 Roger Martin du Gard (F)

1938 Pearl Buck (USA)

1939 Frans Eemil Sillanp√§√§ (FIN)

1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1943 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (DK)

1945 Gabriela Mistral (RCH)

1946 Hermann Hesse (CH)

1947 Andr√© Paul Guillaume Gide (F)

1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot (GB)

1949 William Faulkner (USA)

1950 Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell (GB)

1951 P√§r Fabian Lagerkvist (S)

1952 Fran√ßois Mauriac (F)

1953 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (GB)

1954 Ernest Miller Hemingway (USA)

1955 Halld√≥r Kiljan Laxness (IS)

1956 Juan Ram√≥n Jim√©nez (E)

1957 Albert Camus (F)

1958 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (SU)

1959 Salvatore Quasimodo (I)

1960 Saint-John Perse (F)

1961 Ivo Andric (YU)

1962 John Steinbeck (USA)

1963 Giorgos Seferis (GR)

1964 Jean-Paul Sartre (F)

1965 Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (SU)

1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon (IL), Nelly Sachs (S)

1967 Miguel Angel Asturias (GCA)

1968 Yasunari Kawabata (J)

1969 Samuel Beckett (IRL)

1970 Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn (SU)

1971 Pablo Neruda (RCH)

1972 Heinrich B√∂ll (D)

1973 Patrick White (AUS)

1974 Eyvind Johnson (S), Harry Martinson (S)

1975 Eugenio Montale (I)

1976 Saul Bellow (USA)

1977 Vicente Aleixandre (E)

1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer (USA)

1979 Odysseus Elytis (GR)

1980 Czeslaw Milosz (USA)

1981 Elias Canetti (GB)

1982 Gabriel Garc√≠a M√°rquez (CO)

1983 William Golding (GB)

1984 Jaroslav Seifert (CSSR)

1985 Claude Simon (F)

1986 Wole Soyinka (WAN)

1987 Joseph Brodsky (USA)

1988 Naguib Mahfouz (ET)

1989 Camilo Jos√© Cela (E)

1990 Octavio Paz (MEX)

1991 Nadine Gordimer (ZA)

1992 Derek Walcott (WL)

1993 Toni Morrison (USA)

1994 Kenzaburo Oe (J)

1995 Seamus Heaney (IRL)

1996 Wislawa Szymborska (PL)

1997 Dario Fo (I)

1998 Jos√© Saramago (P)

1999 G√ºnter Grass (D)

2000 Gao Xingjian (F)

2001 Sir V.S. Naipaul (GB)

2002 Imre Kert√©sz (H)

2003 John M. Coetzee (ZA)

2004 Elfriede Jelinek (A)

Nobel medicine prizes

1901 Emil Adolf von Behring (D)

1902 Ronald Ross (GB)

1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen (DK)

1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (R)

1905 Robert Koch (D)

1906 Camillo Golgi (I), Santiago Ram√≥n y Cajal (E)

1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (F)

1908 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (R), Paul Ehrlich (D)

1909 Emil Theodor Kocher (CH)

1910 Albrecht Kossel (D)

1911 Allvar Gullstrand (S)

1912 Alexis Carrel (USA)

1913 Charles Robert Richet (F)

1914 Robert B√°r√°ny (H)

1915 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1917 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1918 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1919 Jules Bordet (B)

1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh (DK)

1921 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1922 Archibald Vivian Hill (GB), Otto Fritz Meyerhof (D)

1923 Frederick Grant Banting (CDN), John James Richard Macleod (CDN)

1924 Willem Einthoven (NL)

1925 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (DK)

1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg (A)

1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (F)

1929 Christiaan Eijkman (NL), Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (GB)

1930 Karl Landsteiner (A)

1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg (D)

1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (GB), Edgar Douglas Adrian (GB)

1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan (USA)

1934 George Hoyt Whipple (USA), George Richards Minot (USA), William Parry Murphy (USA)

1935 Hans Spemann (D)

1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale (GB), Otto Loewi (USA)

1937 Albert von Szent-Gy√∂rgyi Nagyrapolt (H)

1938 Corneille Jean Fran√ßois Heymans (B)

1939 Gerhard Domagk (D)

1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1943 Henrik Carl Peter Dam (DK), Edward Adelbert Doisy (USA)

1944 Joseph Erlanger (USA), Herbert Spencer Gasser (USA)

1945 Sir Alexander Fleming (GB), Ernst Boris Chain (GB), Sir Howard Walter Florey (GB)

1946 Hermann Joseph Muller (USA)

1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori (USA), Gerty Theresa Cori, n√©e Radnitz (USA), Bernardo Alberto Houssay (RA)

1948 Paul Hermann M√ºller (CH)

1949 Walter Rudolf Hess (CH), Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (P)

1950 Edward Calvin Kendall (USA), Tadeus Reichstein (CH), Philip Showalter Hench (USA)

1951 Max Theiler (ZA)

1952 Selman Abraham Waksman (USA)

1953 Hans Adolf Krebs (GB), Fritz Albert Lipmann (USA)

1954 John Franklin Enders (USA), Thomas Huckle Weller (USA), Frederick Chapman Robbins (USA)

1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (S)

1956 Andr√© Fr√©d√©ric Cournand (USA), Werner For√ümann (D), Dickinson W. Richards (USA)

1957 Daniel Bovet (I)

1958 George Wells Beadle (USA), Edward Lawrie Tatum (USA), Joshua Lederberg (USA)

1959 Severo Ochoa (USA), Arthur Kornberg (USA)

1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (AUS), Peter Brian Medawar (GB)

1961 Georg von B√©k√©sy (USA)

1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick (GB), James Dewey Watson (USA), Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (GB)

1963 Sir John Carew Eccles (AUS), Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (GB), Andrew Fielding Huxley (GB)

1964 Konrad Bloch (USA), Feodor Lynen (D)

1965 Fran√ßois Jacob (F), Andr√© Lwoff (F), Jacques Monod (F)

1966 Peyton Rous (USA), Charles Brenton Huggins (USA)

1967 Ragnar Granit (S), Haldan Keffer Hartline (USA), George Wald (USA)

1968 Robert W. Holley (USA), Har Gobind Khorana (USA), Marshall W. Nirenberg (USA)

Nobel medicine prizes (cont.)

1969 Max Delbr√ºck (USA), Alfred D. Hershey (USA), Salvador E. Luria (USA)

1970 Sir Bernard Katz (GB), Ulf von Euler (S), Julius Axelrod (USA)

1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (USA)

1972 Gerald M. Edelman (USA), Rodney R. Porter (GB)

1973 Karl von Frisch (D), Konrad Lorenz (A), Nikolaas Tinbergen (GB)

1974 Albert Claude (B), Christian de Duve (B), George E. Palade (USA)

1975 David Baltimore (USA), Renato Dulbecco (USA), Howard Martin Temin (USA)

1976 Baruch S. Blumberg (USA), D. Carleton Gajdusek (USA)

1977 Roger Guillemin (USA), Andrew V. Schally (USA), Rosalyn Yalow (USA)

1978 Werner Arber (CH), Daniel Nathans (USA), Hamilton O. Smith (USA)

1979 Allan M. Cormack (USA), Godfrey N. Hounsfield (GB)

1980 Baruj Benacerraf (USA), Jean Dausset (F), George D. Snell (USA)

1981 Roger W. Sperry (USA), David H. Hubel (CDN), Torsten N. Wiesel (USA)

1982 Sune K. Bergstr√∂m (S), Bengt I. Samuelsson (S), John R. Vane (GB)

1983 Barbara McClintock (USA)

1984 Niels K. Jerne (DK), Georges J.F. K√∂hler (D), C√©sar Milstein (RA)

1985 Michael S. Brown (USA), Joseph L. Goldstein (USA)

1986 Stanley Cohen (USA), Rita Levi-Montalcini (USA)

1987 Susumu Tonegawa (J)

1988 Sir James W. Black (GB), Gertrude B. Elion (USA), George H. Hitchings (USA)

1989 J. Michael Bishop (USA), Harold E. Varmus (USA)

1990 Joseph E. Murray (USA), E. Donnall Thomas (USA)

1991 Erwin Neher (D), Bert Sakmann (D)

1992 Edmond H. Fischer (USA), Edwin G. Krebs (USA)

1993 Richard J. Roberts (USA), Phillip A. Sharp (USA)

1994 Alfred G. Gilman (USA), Martin Rodbell (USA)

1995 Edward B. Lewis (USA), Christiane N√ºsslein-Volhard (D), Eric F. Wieschaus (USA)

1996 Peter C. Doherty (AUS), Rolf M. Zinkernagel (CH)

1997 Stanley B. Prusiner (USA)

1998 Robert F. Furchgott (USA), Louis J. Ignarro (USA), Ferid Murad (USA)

1999 G√ºnter Blobel (USA)

2000 Arvid Carlsson (S), Paul Greengard (USA), Eric R Kandel (USA)

2001 Leland H. Hartwell (USA), R. Timothy Hunt (GB), Paul M. Nurse (GB)

2002 Sydney Brenner (UK), H. Robert Horvitz (USA), John E. Sulston (UK)

2003 Paul C. Lauterbur (US), Sir Peter Mansfield (UK)

2004 Richard Axel (US), Linda B. Buck (US)

Nobel peace prizes

1901 Jean Henri Dunant (CH), Fr√©d√©ric Passy (F)

1902 √âlie Ducommun (CH), Charles Albert Gobat (CH)

1903 William Randal Cremer (GB)

1904 Institute of International Law (B)

1905 n√©e Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner (A)

1906 Theodore Roosevelt (USA)

1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (I), Louis Renault (F)

1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson (S) Fredrik Bajer (DK)

1909 Auguste Marie Fran√ßois Beernaert (B), Baron d'Estournelles de Constant de Rebecque Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet (F)

1910 International Peace Bureau

1911 Tobias M.C. Asser (NL), Alfred H. Fried (A)

1912 Elihu Root (USA)

1913 Henri Lafontaine (B)

1914 Not awarded

1915 Not awarded

1916 Not awarded

1917 International Committee of the Red Cross

1919 Woodrow Wilson (USA)

1920 L√©on V.A. Bourgeois (F)

1921 Karl H. Branting (S), Christian L. Lange (N)

1922 Fridtjof Nansen (N)

1923 Not awarded

1924 Not awarded

1925 Charles G. Dawes (USA), Sir (Joseph) Austen Chamberlain (GB)

1926 Aristide Briand (F), Gustav Stresemann (D)

1927 Ferdinand Buisson (F), Ludwig Quidde (D)

1928 nicht vergeben

1929 Frank B. Kellogg (USA)

1930 Nathan S√∂derblom (USA)

1931 Jane Addams (USA), Nicholas M. Butler (USA)

1932 Not awarded

1933 Sir Norman Angell (GB)

1934 Arthur Henderson (GB)

1935 Carl von Ossietzky (D)

1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas (RA)

1937 Edgar Algernon Robert Cecil (GB)

1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees

1939 Not awarded

1940 Not awarded

1941 Not awarded

1942 Not awarded

1943 Not awarded

1944 International Committee of the Red Cross

1945 Cordell Hull (USA)

1946 Emily G. Balch (USA), John R. Mott (USA)

1947 Friends Service Council (GB) American Friends Service Committee (USA)

1948 Not awarded

1949 John Boyd Orr (GB)

1950 Ralph J. Bunche (USA)

1951 L√©on Jouhaux (F)

1952 Albert Schweitzer (F)

1953 George C. Marshall (USA)

1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1955 Not awarded

1956 Not awarded

1957 Lester B. Pearson (CDN)

1958 Dominique G. Pire (B)

1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker (GB)

1960 Albert J. Luthuli (ZA)

1961 Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskj√∂ld (S)

1962 Linus C. Pauling (USA)

1963 International Committee of the Red Cross League of Red Cross Societies

1964 Martin Luther, King (USA)

1965 United Nations Children's Fund

1966 Not awarded

1967 Not awarded

1968 Ren√© Cassin (F)

1969 International Labor Organization

1970 Norman E. Borlaug (USA)

1971 Willy Brandt (D)

1972 Not awarded

1973 Henry A. Kissinger (USA), Le Duc Tho (VN)

1974 Eisaku Sato (J), Sean MacBride (IRL)

1975 Andrey Sakharov (UDSSR)

1976 Mairead Corrigan (NIR), Betty Williams (NIR)

1977 Amnesty International (GB)

1978 Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat (ET), Menachem Begin (IL)

1979 Mutter Teresa (IND)

1980 Adolfo P√©rez Esquivel (RA)

1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1982 Alva Myrdal (S), Alfonso Garcia Robles (MEX)

1983 Lech Walesa (PL)

1984 Desmond Tutu (ZA)

1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (USA)

1986 Elie Wiesel (USA)

1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez (CR)

1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

1989 The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) (Tibet)

1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (USSR)

1991 Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma)

1992 Rigoberta Mench√∫ (GCA)

1993 Frederik Willem de Klerk (ZA), Nelson Mandela (ZA)

1994 Yasir Arafat (Palestine), Shimon Peres (IL), Yitzhak Rabin (IL)

1995 Joseph Rotblat (GB) and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (CDN)

1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (RI) Jose Ramos-Horta (RI)

1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and to the campaign's coordinator Jody Williams

1998 John Hume (NIR) and David Trimble (NIR), for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland

1999 M√©decins Sans Fronti√®res (MSF)

2000 Kim Dae Jung (ROK) for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general

2001 United Nations (U.N.), Kofi Annan (GH)

Nobel peace prizes (cont.)

2002 Jimmy Carter Jr. (USA)

2003 Shirin Ebadi (IR)

2004 Wangari Maathai (EAK)

Nobel physics prizes

1901 Wilhelm Conrad R√∂ntgen (D)

1902 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (NL), Pieter Zeeman (NL)

1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel (F), Pierre Curie (F), Marie Curie (F)

1904 Lord (John William Strutt) Rayleigh (GB)

1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (D)

1906 Sir Joseph John Thomson (GB)

1907 Albert Abraham Michelson (USA)

1908 Gabriel Lippmann (F)

1909 Guglielmo Marconi (I), Carl Ferdinand Braun (D)

1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals (NL)

1911 Wilhelm Wien (D)

1912 Nils Gustaf Dal√©n (S)

1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (NL)

1914 Max von Laue (D)

1915 Sir William Henry Bragg (GB), William Lawrence Bragg (GB)

1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1917 Charles Glover Barkla (GB)

1918 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (D)

1919 Johannes Stark (D)

1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume (F)

1921 Albert Einstein (D)

1922 Niels Henrik David Bohr (DK)

1923 Robert Andrews Millikan (USA)

1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (S)

1925 James Franck (D), Gustav Ludwig Hertz (D)

1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin (F)

1927 Arthur Holly Compton (USA), Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (GB)

1928 Owen Willans Richardson (GB)

1929 Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie (F)

1930 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (IND)

1931 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1932 Werner Karl Heisenberg (D)

1933 Erwin Schr√∂dinger (A), Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (GB)

1934 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1935 James Chadwick (GB)

1936 Victor Franz Hess (A), Carl David Anderson (USA)

1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson (USA), George Paget Thomson (GB)

1938 Enrico Fermi (I)

1939 Ernest Orlando Lawrence (USA)

1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1943 Otto Stern (USA)

1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi (USA)

1945 Wolfgang Pauli (A)

1946 Percy Williams Bridgman (USA)

1947 Sir Edward Victor Appleton (GB)

1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (GB)

1949 Hideki Yukawa (J)

1950 Cecil Frank Powell (GB)

1951 Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (GB), Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (IRL)

1952 Felix Bloch (USA), Edward Mills Purcell (USA)

1953 Frits (Frederik) Zernike (NL)

1954 Max Born (GB), Walther Bothe (D)

1955 Willis Eugene Lamb (USA), Polykarp Kusch (USA)

1956 William Bradford Shockley (USA), John Bardeen (USA), Walter Houser Brattain (USA)

1957 Chen Ning Yang (RC), Tsung-Dao Lee (RC)

1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (SU), IlÔæ¥ja Mikhailovich Frank (SU), Igor Yergenyevich Tamm (SU)

1959 Emilio Gino Segr√® (USA), Owen Chamberlain (USA)

1960 Donald Arthur Glaser (USA)

1961 Robert Hofstadter (USA), Rudolf Ludwig M√∂√übauer (USA)

1962 Lev Davidovich Landau (SU)

1963 Eugene Paul Wigner (USA), Maria Goeppert-Mayer (USA), J. Hans D. Jensen (USA)

1964 Charles Hard Townes (USA), Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (USA), Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (USA)

1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (J), Julian Schwinger (USA), Richard P. Feynman (USA)

1966 Alfred Kastler (F)

1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe (USA)

1968 Luis Walter Alvarez (USA)

1969 Murray Gell-Mann (USA)

1970 Hannes Olof G√∂sta Alfv√©n (S), Louis Eug√®ne F√©lix N√©el (F)

1971 Dennis Gabor (GB)

1972 John Bardeen (USA), Leon Neil Cooper (USA), John Robert Schrieffer (USA)

1973 Leo Esaki (J), Ivar Giaever (GB), Brian David Josephson (GB)

1974 Sir Martin Ryle (GB), Antony Hewish (GB)

1975 Aage Niels Bohr (DK), Ben Roy Mottelson (DK), Leo James Rainwater (USA)

Nobel physics prizes (cont.)

1976 Burton Richter (USA), Samuel Chao Chung Ting (USA)

1977 Philip Warren Anderson (USA), Sir Nevill Francis Mott (GB), John Hasbrouck van Vleck (USA)

1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (SU), Arno Allan Penzias (USA), Robert Woodrow Wilson (USA)

1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow (USA), Abdus Salam (USA), Steven Weinberg (USA)

1980 James Watson Cronin (USA), Val Logsdon Fitch (USA)

1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen (USA), Arthur Leonard Schawlow (USA), Kai M. Siegbahn (S)

1982 Kenneth G. Wilson (USA)

1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (USA), William Alfred Fowler (USA)

1984 Carlo Rubbia (I), Simon van der Meer (NL)

1985 Klaus von Klitzing (D)

1986 Ernst Ruska (D), Gerd Binnig (D), Heinrich Rohrer (CH)

1987 J. Georg Bednorz (D), K. Alexander M√ºller (CH)

1988 Leon M. Lederman (USA), Melvin Schwartz (USA), Jack Steinberger (US)

1989 Norman F. Ramsey (USA), Hans G. Dehmelt (D), Wolfgang Paul (D)

1990 Jerome I. Friedman (USA), Henry W. Kendall (USA), Richard E. Taylor (CDN)

1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (F)

1992 Georges Charpak (F)

1993 Russell A. Hulse (USA), Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (USA)

1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse (CDN), Clifford G. Shull (USA)

1995 Martin L. Perl (USA), Frederick Reines (USA)

1996 David M. Lee (USA), Douglas D. Osheroff (USA), Robert C. Richardson (USA)

1997 Steven Chu (USA), Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (F), William D. Phillips (USA)

1998 Robert B. Laughlin (USA), Horst L. St√∂rmer (D), Daniel C. Tsui (USA)

1999 Gerardus 't Hooft (NL), Martinus J.G. Veltman (NL)

2000 Zhores I Alferov (RUS), Herbert Kroemer (D), Jack S. Kilby (USA)

2001 Eric A. Cornell (USA), Wolfgang Ketterle (D), Carl E. Wieman (USA)

2002 Raymond Davis Jr. (USA), Masatoshi Koshiba (J), Riccardo Giacconi (USA)

2003 Vitali L. Ginsburg (RUS), Alexej A. Abrikosow (RUS/USA), Anthony J. Leggett (GB/USA)

2004 David J. Gross (USA), H. David Politzer (USA), Frank Wilczek (USA)

Norse Gods and Myths

Asen

The gods stirps.

Asgard

The home of the gods.

Balder

He represents light, advice, reconciliation, beauty, gentleness, reincarnation, wisdom, harmony, happiness. Balder will return from Hel after Ragnarok and will rule as one of the new Gods. His name means "The Bright One".

Bragi

The god of poetry and eloquence. He was married to the goddess Iduna who dwelt in the underworld.

Fenris

The monstrous wolf of the god Loki.

Forseti

A god of justice. He is the son of Balder and Nanna and lives at Glitnir.

Freya

Freya (Freyja) is the goddess of love, fertility, war, and wealth. Originally one of the Vanir. She was the daughter of Njord, and the sister of Frey.

Frey(r)

Freyr was Odin in another form as the god of rain, sunshine and fruits. He married Gredr.

Frigg, Frija

The goddess of marriage. She is the wife of Odin, and lives at Fensalir. She weaved the clouds.

Heimdall

Heimdall was the watchman of the bridge, Bifrost, which led to the underworld.

Hel

Hel (Hela) was the Norse goddess of the underworld. She was a daughter of Loki and the giant Angurboda.

Hodur (Hod)

A son of Odin. The blind god of winter, who is tricked by Loki into killing Balder.

Iduna

Iduna was the wife of Bragi. She kept golden apples in a box which the gods ate to keep themselves young.

Loki

He became a member of the Aesir when Odin made Loki his blood brother. His children are the Midgard serpent Jormungander, which girdles the Earth; the wolf Fenris; and Hela, goddess of death.

Niflheim

Like Hel a description for the underworld.

Njord

Njord is a sea god of fruitfulness who lives in Noa-tun. Father of Frey and Freya

Norns

The Norns were three sisters responsible for the destiny of individuals and gods: Urd (Past, Destiny), Werdandi (Present) and Skuld (Future)

Odin

Odin was chief god of Norse mythology. Originally storm god, then sky god; Tto equate with the greek-roman Zeus resp. Jupiter

Ragnarok

The ultimate battle between good and evil from which a new order will come.

Thor

Thor was the son of Odin, the god of thunder and the main enemy of the giants, smashing their heads with his mighty hammer Mjollnir

Tiu

The god of war and athletic sports.

Uli (Ulle)

The god of the chase, archery and hunting.

Valhalla

The paradise where the souls of dead warriors go to.

Valkyries

Sent by Odin into battle to select those who would go to Valhalla, lead by Freyja. Battle virgins, women trained in battle and war magic who would enter the fray with the warriors.

Widar

The god second in strength to Thor, and who would kill the wolf Fenris by wrentching the wolve's jaws asunder.

Woden

Woden was the Anglo-Saxon form of the name of the god called Odin by the Norse.

Yggdrasil

Yggdrasil is the oldest of all trees. It stands in the centre of the world and divides the planes.

Olympic Venues (Summer)

1896 Athens

1900 Paris

1904 St Louis

1908 London

1912 Stockholm

1920 Antwerp

1924 Paris

1928 Amsterdam

1932 Los Angeles

1936 Berlin

1948 London

1952 Helsinki

1956 Melbourne/Stockholm (Equestrian)

1960 Rome

1964 Tokyo

1968 Mexico

1972 Munich

1976 Montreal

1980 Moscow

1984 Los Angeles

1988 Seoul

1992 Barcelonas

1996 Atlanta

2000 Sydney

2004 Athens

2008 Beijing

Olympic Venues (Winter)

1924 Chamonix

1928 St Moritz

1932 Lake Placid

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen

1948 St Moritz

1952 Oslo

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo

1960 Squaw Valley

1964 Innsbruck

1968 Grenoble

1972 Sapporo

1976 Innsbruck

1980 Lake Placid

1984 Sarajevo

1988 Calgary

1992 Albertville

1994 Lillehammer

1998 Nagano

2002 Salt Lake City

2006 Turin

Oscars (Best Actor)

2004 Jamie Foxx - RAY

2003 Sean Penn - MYSTIC RIVER

2002 Adrien Brody - THE PIANIST

2001 Denzel Washington - TRAINING DAY

2000 Russell Crowe - GLADIATOR

1999 Kevin Spacey - AMERICAN BEAUTY

1998 Roberto Benigni - LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL

1997 Jack Nicholson - AS GOOD AS IT GETS

1996 Geoffrey Rush - SHINE

1995 Nicolas Cage - LEAVING LAS VEGAS

1994 Tom Hanks - FORREST GUMP

1993 Tom Hanks - PHILADELPHIA

1992 Al Pacino - SCENT OF A WOMAN

1991 Anthony Hopkins - THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS

1990 Jeremy Irons - REVERSAL OF FORTUNE

1989 Daniel Day-Lewis - MY LEFT FOOT

1988 Dustin Hoffman - RAIN MAN

1987 Michael Douglas - WALL STREET

1986 Paul Newman - THE COLOR OF MONEY

1985 William Hurt - KISS OF THE SPIDER WOMAN

1984 F. Murray Abraham - AMADEUS

1983 Robert Duvall - TENDER MERCIES

1982 Ben Kingsley - GANDHI

1981 Henry Fonda - ON GOLDEN POND

1980 Robert De Niro - RAGING BULL

1979 Dustin Hoffman - KRAMER VS. KRAMER

1978 Jon Voight - COMING HOME

1977 Richard Dreyfuss - THE GOODBYE GIRL

1976 Peter Finch - NETWORK

1975 Jack Nicholson - ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST

1974 Art Carney - HARRY AND TONTO

1973 Jack Lemmon - SAVE THE TIGER

1972 Marlon Brando - THE GODFATHER

1971 Gene Hackman - THE FRENCH CONNECTION

1970 George C. Scott - PATTON

1969 John Wayne - TRUE GRIT

1968 Cliff Robertson - CHARLY

1967 Rod Steiger - IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT

1966 Paul Scofield - A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS

1965 Lee Marvin - CAT BALLOU

1964 Rex Harrison - MY FAIR LADY

1963 Sidney Poitier - LILIES OF THE FIELD

1962 Gregory Peck - TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD

1961 Maximilian Schell - JUDGMENT AT NUREMBERG

1960 Burt Lancaster - ELMER GANTRY

1959 Charlton Heston - BEN-HUR

1958 David Niven - SEPARATE TABLES

1957 Alec Guinness - THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI

1956 Yul Brynner - THE KING AND I

1955 Ernest Borgnine - MARTY

1954 Marlon Brando - ON THE WATERFRONT

1953 William Holden - STALAG 17

1952 Gary Cooper - HIGH NOON

1951 Humphrey Bogart - THE AFRICAN QUEEN

1950 Jose Ferrer - CYRANO DE BERGERAC

1949 Broderick Crawford - ALL THE KING'S MEN

1948 Laurence Olivier - HAMLET

1947 Ronald Colman - A DOUBLE LIFE

1946 Fredric March - THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES

1945 Ray Milland - THE LOST WEEKEND

1944 Bing Crosby - GOING MY WAY

1943 Paul Lukas - WATCH ON THE RHINE

1942 James Cagney - YANKEE DOODLE DANDY

1941 Gary Cooper - SERGEANT YORK

1940 James Stewart - THE PHILADELPHIA STORY

1939 Robert Donat - GOODBYE, MR. CHIPS

1938 Spencer Tracy - BOYS TOWN

1937 Spencer Tracy - CAPTAINS COURAGEOUS

1936 Paul Muni - THE STORY OF LOUIS PASTEUR

1935 Victor McLaglen - THE INFORMER

1934 Clark Gable - IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT

1933 Charles Laughton - THE PRIVATE LIFE OF HENRY VIII

1932 Wallace Beery - THE CHAMP

Fredric March - DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE

1931 Lionel Barrymore - A FREE SOUL

1930 George Arliss - DISRAELI

1929 Warner Baxter - IN OLD ARIZONA

1928 Emil Jannings - THE LAST COMMAND

Emil Jannings - THE WAY OF ALL FLESH

Oscars (Best Actress)

2004 Hilary Swank - MILLION DOLLAR BABY

2003 Charlize Theron - MONSTER

2002 Nicole Kidman - THE HOURS

2001 Halle Berry - MONTER'S BALL

2000 Julia Roberts - ERIN BROCKOVICH

1999 Hilary Swank - BOYS DON'T CRY

1998 Gwyneth Paltrow - SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE

1997 Helen Hunt - AS GOOD AS IT GETS

1996 Frances McDormand - FARGO

1995 Susan Sarandon - DEAD MAN WALKING

1994 Jessica Lange - BLUE SKY

1993 Holly Hunter - THE PIANO

1992 Emma Thompson - HOWARDS END

1991 Jodie Foster - THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS

1990 Kathy Bates - MISERY

1989 Jessica Tandy - DRIVING MISS DAISY

1988 Jodie Foster - THE ACCUSED

1987 Cher - MOONSTRUCK

1986 Marlee Matlin - CHILDREN OF A LESSER GOD

1985 Geraldine Page - THE TRIP TO BOUNTIFUL

1984 Sally Field - PLACES IN THE HEART

1983 Shirley MacLaine - TERMS OF ENDEARMENT

1982 Meryl Streep - SOPHIE'S CHOICE

1981 Katharine Hepburn - ON GOLDEN POND

1980 Sissy Spacek - COAL MINER'S DAUGHTER

1979 Sally Field - NORMA RAE

1978 Jane Fonda - COMING HOME

1977 Diane Keaton - ANNIE HALL

1976 Faye Dunaway - NETWORK

1975 Louise Fletcher - ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST

1974 Ellen Burstyn - ALICE DOESN'T LIVE HERE ANYMORE

1973 Glenda Jackson - A TOUCH OF CLASS

1972 Liza Minnelli - CABARET

1971 Jane Fonda - KLUTE

1970 Glenda Jackson - WOMEN IN LOVE

1969 Maggie Smith - THE PRIME OF MISS JEAN BRODIE

1968 Katharine Hepburn - THE LION IN WINTER

Barbra Streisand - FUNNY GIRL

1967 Katharine Hepburn - GUESS WHO'S COMING TO DINNER

1966 Elizabeth Taylor - WHO'S AFRAID OF VIRGINIA WOOLF?

1965 Julie Christie - DARLING

1964 Julie Andrews - MARY POPPINS

1963 Patricia Neal - HUD

1962 Anne Bancroft - THE MIRACLE WORKER

1961 Sophia Loren - TWO WOMEN

1960 Elizabeth Taylor - BUTTERFIELD 8

1959 Simone Signoret - ROOM AT THE TOP

1958 Susan Hayward - I WANT TO LIVE!

1957 Joanne Woodward - THE THREE FACES OF EVE

1956 Ingrid Bergman - ANASTASIA

1955 Anna Magnani - THE ROSE TATTOO

1954 Grace Kelly - THE COUNTRY GIRL

1953 Audrey Hepburn - ROMAN HOLIDAY

1952 Shirley Booth - COME BACK, LITTLE SHEBA

1951 Vivien Leigh - A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE

1950 Judy Holliday - BORN YESTERDAY

1949 Olivia de Havilland - THE HEIRESS

1948 Jane Wyman - JOHNNY BELINDA

1947 Loretta Young - THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER

1946 Olivia de Havilland - TO EACH HIS OWN

1945 Joan Crawford - MILDRED PIERCE

1944 Ingrid Bergman - GASLIGHT

1943 Jennifer Jones - THE SONG OF BERNADETTE

1942 Greer Garson - MRS. MINIVER

1941 Joan Fontaine - SUSPICION

1940 Ginger Rogers - KITTY FOYLE

1939 Vivien Leigh - GONE WITH THE WIND

1938 Bette Davis - JEZEBEL

1937 Luise Rainer - THE GOOD EARTH

1936 Luise Rainer - THE GREAT ZIEGFELD

1935 Bette Davis - DANGEROUS

1934 Claudette Colbert - IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT

1933 Katharine Hepburn - MORNING GLORY

1932 Helen Hayes - THE SIN OF MADELON CLAUDET

1931 Marie Dressler - MIN AND BILL

1930 Norma Shearer - THE DIVORCEE

1929 Mary Pickford - COQUETTE

Oscars (Best Director)

2004 Clint Eastwood - MILLION DOLLAR BABY

2003 Peter Jackson - THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RETURN OF THE KING

2002 Roman Polanski - THE PIANIST

2001 Ron Howard - A BEAUTIFUL MIND

2000 Steven Soderbergh - TRAFFIC

1999 Sam Mendes - AMERICAN BEAUTY

1998 Steven Spielberg - SAVING PRIVATE RYAN

1997 James Cameron - TITANIC

1996 Anthony Minghella - THE ENGLISH PATIENT

1995 Mel Gibson - BRAVEHEART

1994 Robert Zemeckis - FORREST GUMP

1993 Steven Spielberg - SCHINDLER'S LIST

1992 Clint Eastwood - UNFORGIVEN

1991 Jonathan Demme - THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS

1990 Kevin Costner - DANCES WITH WOLVES

1989 Oliver Stone - BORN ON THE FOURTH OF JULY

1988 Barry Levinson - RAIN MAN

1987 Bernardo Bertolucci - THE LAST EMPEROR

1986 Oliver Stone - PLATOON

1985 Sydney Pollack - OUT OF AFRICA

1984 Milos Forman - AMADEUS

1983 James L. Brooks - TERMS OF ENDEARMENT

1982 Richard Attenborough - GANDHI

1981 Warren Beatty - REDS

1980 Robert Redford - ORDINARY PEOPLE

1979 Robert Benton 2 - KRAMER VS. KRAMER

1978 Michael Cimino - THE DEER HUNTER

1977 Woody Allen - ANNIE HALL

1976 John G. Avildsen - ROCKY

1975 Milos Forman - ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST

1974 Francis Ford Coppola - THE GODFATHER PART II

1973 George Roy Hill - THE STING

1972 Bob Fosse - CABARET

1971 William Friedkin - THE FRENCH CONNECTION

1970 Franklin J. Schaffner - PATTON

1969 John Schlesinger - MIDNIGHT COWBOY

1968 Carol Reed - OLIVER!

1967 Mike Nichols - THE GRADUATE

1966 Fred Zinnemann - A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS

1965 Robert Wise - THE SOUND OF MUSIC

1964 George Cukor - MY FAIR LADY

1963 Tony Richardson - TOM JONES

1962 David Lean - LAWRENCE OF ARABIA

1961 Jerome Robbins - WEST SIDE STORY

Robert Wise - WEST SIDE STORY

1960 Billy Wilder - THE APARTMENT

1959 William Wyler - BEN-HUR

1958 Vincente Minnelli - GIGI

1957 David Lean - THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI

1956 George Stevens - GIANT

1955 Delbert Mann - MARTY

1954 Elia Kazan - ON THE WATERFRONT

1953 Fred Zinnemann - FROM HERE TO ETERNITY

1952 John Ford - THE QUIET MAN

1951 George Stevens - A PLACE IN THE SUN

1950 Joseph L. Mankiewicz - ALL ABOUT EVE

1949 Joseph L. Mankiewicz - A LETTER TO THREE WIVES

1948 John Huston - THE TREASURE OF THE SIERRA MADRE

1947 Elia Kazan - GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT

1946 William Wyler - THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES

1945 Billy Wilder - THE LOST WEEKEND

1944 Leo McCarey - GOING MY WAY

1943 Michael Curtiz - CASABLANCA

1942 William Wyler - MRS. MINIVER

1941 John Ford - HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY

1940 John Ford - THE GRAPES OF WRATH

1939 Victor Fleming - GONE WITH THE WIND

1938 Frank Capra - YOU CAN'T TAKE IT WITH YOU

1937 Leo McCarey - THE AWFUL TRUTH

1936 Frank Capra - MR. DEEDS GOES TO TOWN

1935 John Ford - THE INFORMER

1934 Frank Capra - IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT

1933 Frank Lloyd - CAVALCADE

1932 Frank Borzage - BAD GIRL

1931 Norman Taurog - SKIPPY

1920 Lewis Milestone - ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT

1929 Frank Lloyd - THE DIVINE LADY

Oscars (Best Picture)

2004 MILLION DOLLAR BABY - Clint Eastwood

2003 THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RETURN OF THE KING - Peter Jackson

2002 CHICAGO - Rob Marshall

2001 A BEAUTIFUL MIND - Ron Howard

2000 GLADIATOR - Ridley Scott

1999 AMERICAN BEAUTY - Bruce Cohen, Dan Jinks

1998 SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE - David Parfitt, Donna Gigliotti, Harvey Weinstein, Edward Zwick, Marc Norman

1997 TITANIC - James Cameron

1996 THE ENGLISH PATIENT - Saul Zaentz

1995 BRAVEHEART - Mel Gibson

1994 FORREST GUMP - Robert Zemeckis

1993 SCHINDLER'S LIST - Steven Spielberg

1992 UNFORGIVEN - Clint Eastwood

1991 THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS - Jonathan Demme

1990 DANCES WITH WOLVES - Kevin Costner

1989 DRIVING MISS DAISY - Bruce Beresford

1988 RAIN MAN - Barry Levionson

1987 THE LAST EMPEROR - Bernardo Bertolucci

1986 PLATOON - Oliver Stone

1985 OUT OF AFRICA - Sydney Pollack

1984 AMADEUS - Milos Forman

1983 TERMS OF ENDEARMENT - James L. Brooks

1982 GANDHI - Richard Attenborough

1981 CHARIOTS OF FIRE - Hugh Hudson

1980 ORDINARY PEOPLE - Robert Redford

1979 KRAMER VS. KRAMER - Robert Benton II

1978 THE DEER HUNTER - Michael Cimino

1977 ANNIE HALL - Woody Allen

1976 ROCKY - John G. Avidsen

1975 ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST - Milos Forman

1974 THE GODFATHER PART II - Francis Ford Coppola

1973 THE STING - George Roy Hill

1972 THE GODFATHER - Francis Ford Coppola

1971 THE FRENCH CONNECTION - William Friedkin

1970 PATTON - Franklin J. Schaffner

1969 MIDNIGHT COWBOY - John Schlesinger

1968 OLIVER! - Carol Reed

1967 IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT - Norman Jewison

1966 A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS - Fred Zinnemann

1965 THE SOUND OF MUSIC - Robert Wise

1964 MY FAIR LADY - George Cukor

1963 TOM JONES - Tony Richardson

1962 LAWRENCE OF ARABIA - David Lean

1961 WEST SIDE STORY - Jerome Robbins, Robert Wise

1960 THE APARTMENT - Billy Wilder

1959 BEN-HUR - William Wyler

1958 GIGI - Vincente Minnelli

1957 THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI - David Lean

1956 AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS - Michael Anderson, Kevin McClory

1955 MARTY - Delbert Mann

1954 ON THE WATERFRONT - Elia Kazan

1953 FROM HERE TO ETERNITY - Fred Zimmerman

1952 THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH - Cecil B. DeMille

1951 AN AMERICAN IN PARIS - Vincente Minnelli

1950 ALL ABOUT EVE - Joseph Mankiewicz

1949 ALL THE KING'S MEN - Robert Rossen

1948 HAMLET (1948) - Laurence Olivier

1947 GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT - Elia Kazan

1946 THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES - William Wyler

1945 THE LOST WEEKEND - Billy Wilder

1944 GOING MY WAY - Leo McCarey

1943 CASABLANCA - Warner Bros.

1942 MRS. MINIVER - Michael Curtiz

1941 HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY - John Ford

1940 REBECCA - Alfred Hitchcock

1939 GONE WITH THE WIND - Victor Fleming, George Cukor, Sam Wood

1938 YOU CAN'T TAKE IT WITH YOU - Frank Capra

1937 THE LIFE OF EMILE ZOLA - William Dieterie

1936 THE GREAT ZIEGFELD - Robert Z. Leonard

1935 MUTINY ON THE BOUNTY (1935) - Lewis Milestone

1934 IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT - Frank Capra

1933 CAVALCADE - Frank Lloyd

1932 GRAND HOTEL - Edmund Goulding

1931 CIMARRON (1930/31) - Wesley Ruggles

1930 ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT - Lewis Milestone

1929 THE BROADWAY MELODY - Harry Beaumont

1928 WINGS - William Wellman

Oven settings

Gas 1 = 290Ôæ∞F = 143Ôæ∞C

Gas 2 = 315Ôæ∞F = 157Ôæ∞C

Gas 3 = 335Ôæ∞F = 168Ôæ∞C

Gas 4 = 360Ôæ∞F = 183Ôæ∞C

Gas 5 = 380Ôæ∞F = 193Ôæ∞C

Gas 6 = 405Ôæ∞F = 207Ôæ∞C

Gas 7 = 425Ôæ∞F = 218Ôæ∞C

Gas 8 = 445Ôæ∞F = 229Ôæ∞C

Gas 9 = 470Ôæ∞F = 243Ôæ∞C

Gas 10 = 490Ôæ∞F = 254Ôæ∞C

Paper sizes

(mm inches)

International Standard

A0 841√ó 1189 33Ôæ∑11√ó46Ôæ∑81

A1 594√ó841 23Ôæ∑39√ó33Ôæ∑1

A2 420x594 16.54x23.39

A3 297√ó420 11Ôæ∑69√ó16Ôæ∑54

A4 210√ó297 8Ôæ∑27√ó11Ôæ∑69

A5 148√ó210 5Ôæ∑83√ó8Ôæ∑27

A6 105√ó148 4Ôæ∑13√ó5Ôæ∑83

A7 74√ó105 2Ôæ∑91√ó4Ôæ∑13

A8 52√ó74 2Ôæ∑05√ó2Ôæ∑91

B0 1000√ó1414 39Ôæ∑37√ó55Ôæ∑67

B1 707√ó1000 27Ôæ∑83√ó39Ôæ∑37

B2 500√ó707 19Ôæ∑68√ó27Ôæ∑83

B3 353√ó500 13Ôæ∑90√ó19Ôæ∑68

B4 250√ó353 9Ôæ∑84√ó13Ôæ∑90

B5 176√ó250 6Ôæ∑93√ó9Ôæ∑84

C0 917√ó1297 36Ôæ∑00√ó51Ôæ∑20

C1 648√ó917 25Ôæ∑60√ó36Ôæ∑00

C2 458√ó648 18Ôæ∑00√ó25Ôæ∑60

C3 324√ó458 12Ôæ∑80√ó18Ôæ∑00

C4 229√ó324 9Ôæ∑00√ó12Ôæ∑80

C5 162√ó229 6Ôæ∑40√ó9Ôæ∑0

DL 110√ó220 4Ôæ∑33√ó8Ôæ∑66

North American

Ledger 431Ôæ∑8√ó279Ôæ∑4 17Ôæ∑0√ó11Ôæ∑00

Legal 215Ôæ∑9√ó355Ôæ∑6 8Ôæ∑50√ó14Ôæ∑00

Letter 215Ôæ∑9√ó279Ôæ∑4 8Ôæ∑50√ó11Ôæ∑00

Executive 184Ôæ∑1√ó266Ôæ∑7 7Ôæ∑25√ó10Ôæ∑5

English (No Longer Used)

Quarto 254√ó203 10Ôæ∑00√ó8Ôæ∑00

Foolscap 343√ó432 13Ôæ∑50√ó17Ôæ∑00

Crown 381√ó508 15Ôæ∑00√ó20Ôæ∑00

Large post 419√ó533 16Ôæ∑50√ó21Ôæ∑00

Demy 445√ó572 17Ôæ∑50√ó22Ôæ∑50

Medium 457√ó584 18Ôæ∑00√ó23Ôæ∑00

Royal 508√ó635 20Ôæ∑00√ó25Ôæ∑00

Elephant 508√ó686 20Ôæ∑00√ó27Ôæ∑00

Imperial 559√ó762 22Ôæ∑00√ó30Ôæ∑00

Paper weights

American Internat

Book Bond g/m2

40 16 60

45 18 70

50 20 75

55 - 80

- 22 85

60 24 90

65 - 95

- 26 100

70 28 105

75 - 110

- 30 115

Periodic table of the elements

Atomic

no. Name Symbol

1 Hydrogen H

2 Helium He

3 Lithium Li

4 Beryllium Be

5 Boron B

6 Carbon C

7 Nitrogen N

8 Oxygen O

9 Fluorine F

10 Neon Ne

11 Sodium Na

12 Magnesium Mg

13 Aluminium Al

14 Silicon Si

15 Phosphorus P

16 Sulphur S

17 Chlorine Cl

18 Argon Ar

19 Potassium K

20 Calcium Ca

21 Scandium Sc

22 Titanium Ti

23 Vanadium V

24 Chromium Cr

25 Manganese Mn

26 Iron Fe

27 Cobalt Co

28 Nickel Ni

29 Copper Cu

30 Zinc Zn

31 Gallium Ga

32 Germanium Ge

33 Arsenic As

34 Selenium Se

35 Bromine Br

36 Krypton Kr

37 Rubidium Rb

38 Strontium Sr

39 Yttrium Y

40 Zirconium Zr

41 Niobium Nb

42 Molybdenum Mo

43 Technetium Tc

44 Ruthenium Ru

45 Rhodium Rh

46 Palladium Pd

47 Silver Ag

48 Cadmium Cd

49 Indium In

50 Tin Sn

51 Antimony Sb

52 Tellurium Te

53 Iodine I

54 Xenon Xe

55 Caesium Cs

56 Barium Ba

57 Lanthanum La

58 Cerium Ce

59 Praseodymium Pr

60 Neodymium Nd

61 Promethium Pm

62 Samarium Sm

63 Europium Eu

64 Gadolinium Gd

65 Terbium Tb

66 Dysprosium Dy

67 Holmium Ho

68 Erbium Er

69 Thulium Tm

70 Ytterbium Yb

71 Lutetium Lu

72 Hafnium Hf

73 Tantalum Ta

74 Tungsten W

75 Rhenium Re

76 Osmium Os

77 Indium Ir

78 Platinum Pt

79 Gold Au

80 Mercury Hg

81 Thallium Tl

82 Lead Pb

83 Bismuth Bi

84 Polonium Po

85 Astatine At

86 Radon Rn

87 Francium Fr

88 Radium Ra

89 Actinium Ac

90 Thorium Th

91 Protactinium Pa

92 Uranium U

93 Neptunium Np

94 Plutonium Pu

95 Americium Am

96 Curium Cm

97 Berkelium Bk

98 Californium Cf

99 Einsteinium Es

100 Fermium Fm

101 Mendelevium Me

102 Nobelium No

103 Lawrencium Lr

104 Rutherfordium Rf

105 Dubnium Db

106 Seaborgium Sg

107 Bohrium Bh

108 Hassium Hs

109 Meitnerium Mt

110 Darmstadtium Ds

111 Roentgenium Rg

112 Ununbium Uub

114 Unuquadium Uuq

116 Unuhexium Uuh

The names are the IUPAC nomenclature names. Names for the elements 112, 114 and 116 are preliminary, their discovery is not confirmed yet; but we can assume, that - like usual in the last decades - explorers names will be used.

Phases of mourning

Denial

Anger

Bargaining

Grief

Acceptance

Phobias

acrophobia heights

aerophobia flying

agoraphobia open spaces

ailurophobia cats

algophobia pain

androphobia men

arachnophobia spiders

astraphobia thunder and lightning

autophobia being alone; self

bathophobi depth

claustrophobia closed spaces

cynophobia dogs (rabies)

demophobia crowds

dromophobia crossing streets

frigophobia the cold

genophobia sex

gynophobia women

haptephobia being touched

hemophobia blood

hydrophobia water

hypnophobia falling asleep

musophobia mice

mysophobia contamination

neophobia the new

nyctophobia night, darkness

ophidiophobia snakes

panphobia everything

phobophobia fear

photophobia light

pyrophobia fire

sitophobia eating, food

taphephobia being buried alive

thanatophobia death

toxicophobia poison

xenophobia strangers, foreigners

zoophobia animals

Phonetic alphabet

Current international:

Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliet,

Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango,

Uniform, Victor, Whisky, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu

1927 British Army:

Ack, Beer, Charlie, Don, Edward, Freddy, George, Harry, Ink, Johnnie, King, London, Monkey, Nuts, Orange, Pip, Queen, Robert, Sugar, Toc, Uncle, Vic, William, X-ray, Yorker, Zebra

Physical and mathematical constants

Bohr Radius a0

5.29177249 x 10^-11 m

Boltzmann Constant, k

1.380 658 x 10^-23 J/K

base of the natural logarithms, e

2.718 281 828 459 05...

elementary (proton) charge, e

1.602 177 x 10^-19 C

electron charge, -e

-1.602 177 x 10^-19 C

electron rest mass, me

9.109 389 7 x 10^-31 kg

electron (charge/mass) ratio, e/me

1.758 820 x 10^11 C/kg

Faraday Constant, F

9.648 531 x 10^4 C/mol

Free space electric constant, epsilon0

8.854 188 x 10^-12 F/m

Free space intrinsic impedance, Z0

376.770 3 Ohms

Free space magnetic constant, Ôæµ0

4pi x 10^-7 H/m

Free space speed of electromagnetic waves, c

2.997 924 58 x 10^8 m/s

neutron rest mass, mn

1.674 928 6 x 10^-27 kg

Planck Constant, h

6.626 076 x 10^-34 Js

3.141 592 653 589 79...

proton rest mass, mp

1.672 623 1 x 10^-27 kg

Newtonian constant of gravitation, G

6.672 59 x 10^-11 m^3 / (kg x s^2 )

Absolute Zero

0 Kelvin = -273.15 Celsius

Pi

about 3,141592653589793238462...

A so-called transcendent number, like the base of the natural logarithms (e=2,71828...). Transcendent numbers have infinite decimal places and can't be described exactly by a fraction. Though note that there are various algorithms for computing a particular digit without knowledge of the previous ones.

Pi is defined as the ratio of the circumference to the diameter for a circle (see 'Angles').

Pi - an easy-to-remember approximation:

1) Write down

1 1 3 3 5 5

2) Put a long division sign in the middle

1 1 3 / 3 5 5 ( i.e. 355/113)

3) Calculate it:

3 . 1 4 1 5 9 2 9 2 0 3 5

Planets

(Object, million miles from Sun, diameter in miles)

(plus moons, details)

Mercury, 36, 3100

no moons

Venus, 67, 7700

no moons

Earth, 93, 7926

one moon, 239,000 miles from earth, 2,160

Mars, 142, 4200

2 moons, Phobos, Deimos

Jupiter, 483, 88700

47 moons, among them Europa, Ganymed, Callisto

Saturn, 886, 75100

30 moons, among themr Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Iapetus, Mimas

Uranus, 1783, 29600

21 moons, among themr Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon

Neptune, 2793, 27700

11 moons, among them Naiade, Triton, Nereide, Proteus

Pluto, 3666, 1419

1 Moon, Charon

The number of moons is not definitive since some are still being discovered for various planets.

The sun's diameter is 865,036 miles.

Polygons

Name No of sides Internal angle

Triangle 3 60Ôæ∞

Square 4 90Ôæ∞

Pentagon 5 108Ôæ∞

Hexagon 6 120Ôæ∞

Heptagon 7 128.6Ôæ∞

Octagon 8 135Ôæ∞

Nonagon 9 140Ôæ∞

Decagon 10 144Ôæ∞

Undecagon 11 147.3Ôæ∞

Dodecagon 12 150Ôæ∞

Popes

(before 1055 details are omitted for space reasons)

Viktor II. 1055-1057

Stephan IX. 1057-1058

(Benedikt X. 1058-1059)

Nikolaus II. 1058-1061

Alexander II. 1061-1073

(Honorius II. 1061-1064)

Gregor VII., Hl. 1073-1085

(Klemens III. 1080, 1084-1098)

Viktor III., Sel. 1086-1087

Urban II., Sel. 1088-1099

Paschalis II. 1099-1118

(Theoderich 1100)

(Albert 1102)

(Silvester IV. 1105-1111))

Gelasius II. 1118-1119

(Gregor VIII. 1118-1121)

Kalixt II. 1119-1124

Honorius II. 1124-1130

(C√∂lestin II. 1124)

Innozenz II. 1130-1143

(Anaklet II. 1130-1138)

(Viktor IV. 1138)

C√∂lestin II. 1143-1144

Lucius II. 1144-1145

Eugen III., Sel. 1145-1153

Anastasius IV. 1153-1154

Hadrian IV. 1154-1159

Alexander III. 1159-1181

(Viktor IV. 1159-1164)

(Paschalis III. 1164-1168)

(Kalixt III. 1168-1178)

(Innozenz III. 1179-1180

Lucius III. 1181-1185

Urban III. 1185-1187

Gregor VIII. 1187

Klemens III. 1187-1191

C√∂lestin III. 1191-1198

Innozenz III. 1198-1216

Honorius III. 1216-1227

Gregor IX. 1227-1241

C√∂lestin IV. 1241

Innozenz IV. 1243-1254

Alexander IV. 1254-1261

Urban IV. 1261-1264

Klemens IV. 1265-1268

Gregor X., Sel. 1271-1276

Innozenz V., Sel. 1276

Hadrian V. 1276

Johannes XXI. 1276-1277

Nikolaus III. 1277-1280

Martin IV. 1281-1285

Honorius IV. 1285-1287

Nikolaus IV. 1288-1292

C√∂lestin V., Hl. 1294

Bonifatius VIII. 1294-1303

Benedikt XI., Sel. 1303-1304

Klemens V. 1305-1314

Johannes XXII. 1316-1334

(Nikolaus V. 1328-1330)

Benedikt XII. 1334-1342

Klemens VI. 1342-1352

Innozenz VI. 1352-1362

Urban V., Sel. 1362-1370

Gregor XI. 1370-1378

Urban VI. 1378-1389

(Klemens VII. 1378-1394)

Bonifatius IX. 1389-1404

(Benedikt XIII. 1394-1417)

Innozenz VII. 1404-1406

Gregor XII. 1406-1415

(Alexander V. 1409-1410)

(Johannes XXIII. 1410-1415)

Martin V. 1417-1431

Eugen IV. 1431-1447

(Felix V. 1440-1449)

Nikolaus V. 1447-1455

Kalixt III. 1455-1458

Pius II. 1458-1464

Paul II. 1464-1471

Sixtus IV. 1471-1484

Innozenz VIII. 1484-1492

Alexander VI. 1492-1503

Pius III. 1503

Julius II. 1503-1513

Leo X. 1513-1521

Hadrian VI. 1522-1523

Klemens VII. 1523-1534

Paul III. 1534-1549

Julius III. 1550-1555

Marcellus II. 1555

Paul IV. 1555-1559

Pius IV. 1559-1565

Pius V., Hl. 1566-1572

Gregor XIII. 1572-1585

Sixtus V. 1585-1590

Urban VII. 1590

Gregor XIV. 1590-1591

Innozenz IX. 1591

Klemens VIII. 1592-1605

Leo XI. 1605

Paul V. 1605-1621

Gregor XV. 1621-1623

Urban VIII. 1623-1644

Innozenz X. 1644-1655

Alexander VII. 1655-1667

Klemens IX. 1667-1669

Klemens X. 1670-1676

Innozenz XI., Sel. 1676-1689

Alexander VIII. 1689-1691

Innozenz XII. 1691-1700

Klemens XI. 1700-1721

Innozenz XIII. 1721-1724

Benedikt XIII. 1724-1730

Klemens XII. 1730-1740

Benedikt XIV. 1740-1758

Klemens XIII. 1758-1769

Klemens XIV. 1769-1774

Pius VI. 1775-1799

Pius VII. 1800-1823

Leo XII. 1823-1829

Pius VIII. 1829-1830

Gregor XVI. 1831-1846

Pius IX. 1846-1878

Leo XIII. 1878-1903

Pius X., Hl. 1903-1914

Benedikt XV. 1914-1922

Pius XI. 1922-1939

Pius XII. 1939-1958

Johannes XXIII. 1958-1963

Paul VI. 1963-1978

Johannes Paul I. 1978

Johannes Paul II. 1978-2005

Benedikt XVI. since 2005

Questionmarks after the regency of the early popes shows, that the dates aren't sure. The names of the counter-popes are shown in parenthesis.

Power Consumption

Watts consumed per hour (Average) ...

Heater - 3,000

Electric kettle - 2,000

Photocopier - 1,50

Iron - 1,450

Vacuum cleaner - 1,300

Toaster - 850

Microwave oven - 750

halogen security light - 500

Hair dryer 500

Food mixer - 460

Power drill - 250

Computer (CPU only) - 175

Stereo - 150

Light bulb - 100

Television - 100

Freezer - 83

Video recorder - 32

Electric shaver - 4.5

Prime numbers

(numbers that have exactly two factors, 1 and the number itself; 1 is no prime number because it has only one factor)

2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 ...

There are an infinite number of prime numbers, but no formula for calculating one after another.

Printer parallel pin assignments

Signal Pin Nos Signal

STROBE (Input) 1 19 GND

DATA 1 (Input) 2 20 GND

DATA 2 (Input) 3 21 GND

DATA 3 (Input) 4 22 GND

DATA 4 (Input) 5 23 GND

DATA 5 (Input) 6 24 GND

DATA 6 (Input) 7 25 GND

DATA 7 (Input) 8 26 GND

DATA 8 (Input) 9 2

Product adopters

2.5% Innovators

13.5 % Early adopters

34% Early majority

34% Late majority

16% Laggards

Product development

Exploration

Screening

Analysis

Development

Test phase

Commercialisation

Product lifecycle

Introduction

Growth

Maturity

Stabilisation

Decline

Rare gases

One of the main groups of the Periodic Table of Elements (see other entry). It contains the elements:

Name Atomic no. boiling point

Helium 2 -269Ôæ∞C

Neon 10 -246Ôæ∞C

Argon 18 -186Ôæ∞C

Krypton 36 -152Ôæ∞C

Xenon 54 -108Ôæ∞C

Radon 86 -62Ôæ∞C

Removing stains

Beer - Rinse or soak fresh stains in lukewarm water, then wash normally

Blood, egg, gravy, chocolate etc - soak in cold water and salt, then

wash

Coffee/Tea - Wash in rich suds a.s.a.p.

Flowers/grass - Sponge with meths + wash

Grease/fat/oils - soak in detergent solution before washing.

Paint - (emulsions) sponge with cold water and then wash. (oil-based) dab with white spirit and then cold water + wash.

Pencil - boil the stains in milk, and wash.

Spirits (alcohol) - rinse with warm water and wash normally.

Wine - Soak and sponge in a warm detergent.

Resistance Colour Codes

Carbon Film Resistors

(Band1, Band2, Band3)

Colour B1 B2 B3

Silver x0.01

Gold x0.1

Black 0 0 x1

Brown 1 1 x10

Red 2 2 x100

Orange 3 3 x1,000

Yellow 4 4 x10,000

Green 5 5 x100,000

Blue 6 6 x1,000,000

Violet 7 7 x10,000,000

Grey 8 8 x100,000,000

White 9 9

Fourth Colour band tolerance: Red - 2%, Gold - 5%, Silver - 10%, None - 20%

Metal Film Resistors

(Band1, Band2, Band3,Band4)

Colour B1 B2 B3 B4

Silver x0.01

Gold x0.1

Black 0 0 0 x1

Brown 1 1 1 x10

Red 2 2 2 x100

Orange 3 3 3 x1,000

Yellow 4 4 4 x10,000

Green 5 5 5 x100,000

Blue 6 6 6 x1,000,000

Violet 7 7 7 x10,000,000

Grey 8 8 8 x100,000,000

White 9 9 9

Fifth Colour band tolerance: Brown - 1%, Red - 2%, Green - 0,5%

Richter Scale

3.5 'Instrumental'

Detected only by a seismograph

3.5 'Feeble'

Noticed only by people at rest

4.2 'Slight'

Similar to vibrations from a passing truck

4.5 'Moderate'

Felt indoors, parked cars rock

4.8 'Rather Strong'

Felt generally, waking sleepers

5.4 'Strong'

Trees sway, some damage

6.1 'Very Strong'

General alarm, walls crack

6.5 'Destructive'

Walls collapse

6.9 'Ruinous'

Some houses collapse, ground cracks

7.3 'Disastrous'

Buildings destroyed, rails bend

8.1 'Very disastrous'

Landslides, few buildings survive

>8.1 'Catastrophic'

Total destruction

The scale is named after the american Charles Francis Richter who developed it in 1935.

It's used to quantify the strength of earthquakes.

The strength on this scale is proportional to the logarithm of the amplitude of the movement of the ground.

Rivers of Hell

Acheron River of Woe

Cocytus River of Lament

Lethe River of Forgetfulness

Phlegethon River of Fire

Styx River of Oath

Rivers, longest

River, Country, Km

Nile, Africa, 6,670

Amazon, S. America, 6,570

Mississippi-Missouri, US, 6,210

Yangtze, China, 5,520

Ob-Irtysh, Russia, 5,410

Rio La Plata, S. America, 4,700

(incl. Paran√°)

Hwang Ho, China, 4,670

Congo, Africa, 4,670

Mekong, Asia, 4,500

Amur, Asia, 4,350

Lena, Russia, 4,290

Mackenzie, Canada, 4,240

Niger, Africa, 4,170

Yenisei River, Russia, 4,190

Numbers in different lexica differ greatly. So sometimes the lenghts of confluents are counted to a river and sometimes not, for example. Numbers for Hwang Ho e.g. go from 4,672 to 5,464 km. Numbers written here are only up to 10 km exact in order to not pretend a great accuracy.

Roman numerals

1 I

2 II

3 III

4 IV

5 V

6 VI

7 VII

8 VIII

9 IX

10 X

11 XI

12 XII

13 XIII

14 XIV

15 XV

16 XVI

17 XVII

18 XVIII

19 XIX

20 XX

30 XXX

40 XL

50 L

60 LX

70 LXX

80 LXXX

90 XC

100 C

500 D

1000 M

RS-232 serial pinouts

25 pin

1 - Ground

2 - Transmit Data (TD)

3 - Receive Data (RD)

4 - Request to send

5 - Clear To Send (CTS)

6 - Dataset ready

7 - Signal Ground (SG)

8 - Data Carrier Detect (DCD)

20 - Data Terminal Ready (DTR)

22 - Ring Indicator

9 pin

1 - Data Carrier Detect (DCD)

2 - Receive Data (RD)

3 - Transmit Data (TD)

4 - Data Terminal Ready (DTR)

5 - Ground

6 - Data set ready

7 - Request to send

8 - Clear To Send (CTS)

9 - Ring Indicator

Santa's reindeer

Dasher

Dancer

Prancer

Vixen

Comet

Cupid

Donner

Blitzen

Rudolph

Scart Lead Connections

1 Audio out right

2 Audio in right

3 Audio out left

4 Audio ground

5 Blue ground

6 Audio in left

7 Blue video

8 Switching (0-2v=TV,9.5-12v=EX)

9 Green ground

10 NOT USED

11 Green video

12 NOT USED

13 Red ground

14 NOT USED

15 Red video

16 Blanking

17 Comp video ground

18 Blanking

19 Comp video out

20 Comp video in

21 Common Ground(screen)

Seven Ages of Man

Infant

Schoolboy

Lover

Soldier

Justice

Old Age

Second Childhood

Seven deadly sins

Covetousness

Envy

Gluttony

Lechery

Pride

Sloth

Wrath

Seven dwarfs

Bashful

Doc

Dopey

Grumpy

Happy

Sleepy

Sneezy

Seven Hills of Rome

Palatine

Capitoline

Quirinal

Caelian

Aventine

Esquiline

Viminal

Seven Natural Wonders of the World

1. Grand Canyon (Arizona).

2. Great Barrier Reef (Australia).

3. Mount Everest.

4. Sahara Desert.

5. Angel Falls (Venezuela).

6. Sarawak Chamber (caves).

7. Mauua Loa Volcano (Hawaii).

Seven S business model

Strategy

Structure

Systems

Staff

Style

Skills

Shared values

(Surroundings)

Seven Seas (Oceans)

North Pacific

South Pacific

North Atlantic

South Atlantic

Arctic

Antarctic

Indian

Seven Virtues

(Christian)

Faith

Hope

Charity

(Platonic)

Fortitude

Justice

Prudence

Temperance

Seven Wonders of the Modern World

1. Empire State Building.

2. Jodrell Bank Telescope.

3. Golden Gate Bridge.

4. Panama Canal.

5. Hoover Dam.

6. Sputnik 1.

7. Nautilus.

Shakespeare

The approximate chronological order of Shakespeare's plays (some of the dates are uncertain):

1 Henry VI (1589-1590, later revised)

2 3 Henry VI (1590-91)

Richard III (1592-93)

The Comedy of Errors (1592-93)

Titus Andronicus (1593-94)

The Taming of the Shrew (1593-94)

Two Gentleman of Verona (1594-95)

Love's Labour's Lost (1594-95)

Romeo and Juliet (1595-96)

Richard II (1595-96)

A Midsummer Night's Dream (1596)

King John (1596-97)

The Merchant of Venice (1596-97)

1 2 Henry IV (1597-98)

Much Ado About Nothing (1598-99)

Henry V (1598-99)

Julius Caesar (1599-1600)

As You Like It (1596-1600)

Twelfth Night (1599-1600)

Hamlet (1599-1600)

Merry Wives of Windsor (1597-1601?)

Troilus and Cressida (1597-1602)

All's Well that Ends Well (1602-04)

Measure for Measure (1604-05)

Othello (1604-05)

King Lear (1605-06)

Macbeth (1605-06)

Anthony and Cleopatra (1606-07)

Coriolanus (1608-08)

Timon of Athens (1607-08)

Pericles (1608-09)

Cymbeline (1609-10)

The Winter's Tale (1610-11)

The Tempest (1611, revised 1612-13)

Henry VIII (1612-13)

--The Poems--

Venus and Adonis (1592)

Lucrece (1593-94)

The Sonnets (1593-1600)

The Phoenix and Turtle (1601)

Shoe-Laces Sizes

Pairs of eyelets, Inches, cm

3, 24", 61

4, 27", 69

5, 36", 91

6, 40", 102

7, 45", 114

8, 54", 137

9, 63", 160

10, 72", 183

SI Base units

Quantity Name Unit Symbol

length metre m

mass kilogram kg

time second s

electric cur. ampere A

thermodynamic temperature

kelvin K

substance mole mol

luminous intensity

candela cd

SI number prefixes

Yotta (Y) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Zetta(Z) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Exa(E) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000

Peta(P) = 1,000,000,000,000,000

Tera(T) = 1,000,000,000,000

Giga(G) = 1,000,000,000

Mega(M) = 1,000,000

Kilo(k) = 1,000

Hecto(h) = 100

Deca(da) = 10

Unit = 1

Deci(d) = 0.1

Centi(c) = 0.01

Milli(m) = 0.001

Micro(Ôæµ) = 0.000 001

Nano(n) = 0.000 000 001

Pico(p) = 0.000 000 000 001

Femto(f) = 0.000 000 000 000 001

Atto(a) = 0.000 000 000 000 000 001

Zepto(z) = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001

Yocto(y) = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001

Signs of the Zodiac

Capricorn The Goat

Dec 23 - Jan 19

Aquarius The Water-bearer

Jan 20 - Feb 19

Pisces The Fish

Feb 20 - Mar 21

Aries The Ram

Mar 22 - Apr 20

Taurus The Bull

Apr 21 - May 21

Gemini The Twins

May 22 - Jun 22

Cancer The Crab

Jun 23 - Jul 23

Leo The Lion

July 23 - Aug 23

Virgo The Virgin

Aug 24 - Sep 23

Libra The Scales

Sep 24 - Oct 23

Scorpio The Scorpion

Oct 24 - Nov 22

Sagittarius The Archer

Nov 23 - Dec 22

Sound Levels - Decibels

The loudness of a sound is measured by the size of its vibrations.

A 20dB sound is ten times louder than a 10dB sound; a 30dB sound is 100 times louder than that.

0dB Human minimum audibility

30dB Soft whisper at 5m

50dB Inside urban home

55dB Light traffic at 15m

60dB Conversion at 1m

85dB Pneumatic drill at 15m

90dB Heavy traffic at 15m

100dB Loud shout at 15m

105dB Aeroplane take-off at 600m

117dB Inside full-volume disco

120dB Aeroplane take-off at 60m

130dB Pain Threhold for humans

140dB Aeroplane take-off at 30m

Standard Deviations

Z-table for Standard Deviations (s)

+/- 1 * s covers 68.2 %

+/- 1.65 * s covers 90.0 %

+/- 1.96 * s covers 95.0 %

+/- 2 * s covers 95.4 %

+/- 3 * s covers 99.7 %

Star Trek - Series and Films

Star Trek TV series (80)

Star Trek Animated Series (22)

Star Trek: The Next Generation (178)

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (176)

Star Trek: Voyager (166)

Enterprise (98)

Films

Star Trek: The Motion Picture

Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan

Star Trek III: The Search for Spock

Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home

Star Trek V: The Final Frontier

Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country

Star Trek: Generations

Star Trek: First Contact

Star Trek: Insurrection

Star Trek: Nemesis

Stars - brightest

Name (systematic name) Magnitude

Sun (Sol) -26.7

Sirius (alpha Canis Majoris) -1.46

Canopus (alpha Carinae) -0.72

Arcturus (alpha Bo√∂tis) -0.06

Rigil Kent (alpha Centauri) -0.01

Vega (alpha Lyrae) 0.04

Capella (alpha Aurigae) 0.05

Rigel (beta Orionis) 0.14

Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris 0.37

Betelgeuse (alpha Orionis) 0.41v

Archernar (alpha Eridani) 0.51

Hadar (beta Centauri) 0.63

Altair (alpha Aquilae) 0.77

Aldebaran (alpha Tauri) 0.85

Spica (alpha Virginis) 0.91v

Antares (alpha Scorpii) 0.92v

Pollux (beta Geminorum) 1.16

Fomalhaut (alpha Piscis Austrini) 1.19

Deneb (alpha Cygni) 1.26

Mimosa (beta Crucis) 1.28v

Acrux (alpha Crucis) 1.39

Brightness given in Magnitude. This is a measure of the brightness of a celestial object. The lower the value, the brighter the object. The scale is logarithmic, and a difference of 5 magnitudes means a brightness difference of exactly 100 times. A difference of one magnitude corresponds to a brightness difference of around 2.51 (the fifth root of 100).

For Example, the Sun has -26.7, the Full Moon -12.7, Pluto only 14. Limit of human eye is about 6 to 7.

Stars - nearest

Name Distance in Lightyears

Sun 0.000015

Proxima Centauri 4.22

alpha Centauri A+B 4.4

Barnards Star 6.0

Wolf 359 7.8

BD +36Ôæ∞2147 8.2

L726-8A+B(=UV Ceti) 8.4

Sirius A+B 8.7

Ross 154 9.5

Ross 248 10.4

epsilon Eridani 10.8

Ross 128 10.9

61 Cygni A+B 11.1

epsilon Indi 11.2

BD +43Ôæ∞44A+B 11.3

L 789-6 11.3

Procyon A+B 11.4

BD +59Ôæ∞1915A+B 11.6

CD -36Ôæ∞15693 11.7

G 51-15 11.7

tau Ceti 11.8

The measurement of the distance isn't very exact. Additionally are many near stars and red dwarfs whose brightness is very small.

States of aggregation

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

Bose-Einstein-Condensate

Fermion-Condensate

Survival Rule of Threes

Humans can survive for:

3 minutes without air

3 days without water

3 weeks without food

(but only just)

Ten Commandments

Thou shall have No Other Gods

Thou shall not make Graven Images

Thou shalt not Take the Name of the Lord in Vain

Remember the Sabbath Day

Honour thy Father and Mother

Thou shalt not Murder

Thou shalt not Commit Adultery

Thou shalt not Steal

Thou shalt not Bear False Witness

Thou shalt not Covet

Ten most common English words

English has more than 1 million words - more than any other language. This list just covers the most frequently used ones.

Spoken - Written

the - the

and - of

I - to

to - in

of - and

a - a

you - for

that - was

in - is

it - that

Ten Plagues of Egypt

From Exodus 7-13

1 - The River Nile turns to blood

2 - Frogs cover Egypt

3 - Lice infest men women

4 - Swarms of locusts

5 - Livestock became diseased

6 - Boils infect people

7 - Hail thunder storms

8 - Plague of locusts

9 - Darkness for 3 days nights

10 - First-born die.

The Magnificent Seven

Actor followed by Character

Yul Brynner - Chris Adams

Steve McQueen - Vin

Charles Bronson - Bernardo O'Reilly

Robert Vaughn - Lee

Brad Dexter - Harry Luck

James Coburn - Britt

Horst Buchholz - Chico

The Nine Muses

Calliope epics

Clio history

Erato love songs

Euterpe lyric poetry

Melpomene tragedy

Polyhymnia sacred poetry

Terpsichore choral song

and dance

Thalia comedy and idyllic poetry

Urania astronomy

The Wacky Races

00 Dick Dastardly and Muttley, in Double Zero, the Mean Machine

1 The Slag Brothers, Rock and Gravel, in the Bouldermobile.

2 Gruesome Twosome, in the Creepy Coupe.

3 Professor Pat Pending, in the Convert-a-Car.

4 Red Max, in the Crimson Haybayler.

5 Penelope Pittstop, in the Compact Pussycat.

6 Serge and Meekly, In the Army Surplus Special.

7 The Anthill Mob, in the Bullet Proof Bomb

8 Luke and Blubber, in the Arkensaw Chuggabug

9 Peter Perfect, in The Turbo Terrific.

10 Rufus Roughcut, in The Buzzwagon.

The World - basic statistics

Area of land - 148.326.000 kmÔæ≤

Total surface area - 509.600.000 kmÔæ≤

Land: 27%, Water: 71%, Ice: 2%

97% of the water is salt water, only 3% is fresh water

Area utilization:

Field: 8,3%, Grassland/Willow: 15,7%, Reserve useful area: 3,4%, Forest: 24,3%, Wasteland: 48,3%

Area division:

Asia:30%, Africa: 20.3%, North America: 16.3%, South America: 11.9%, Antartica: 8.9%, Europe: 6.6%, Oceania: 6.0%

Population division:

Asia: 58.4%, Europe: 16.4%, Africa: 10.7%, North America: 8.6%, South America: 5.3%, Oceania: 0.6%

Greatest Ocean depths in each ocean:

Pacific: Mariana Trench 11km, Atlantic: Puerto Rico Trench 9km, Indian: Java Trench 7km, Artic: North Polar Basin 5km

The Earths mass

5.975 Sextillion metric tons (so 5.975 x10^24 kg)

Orbital period = 365.256 days

Rotational period = 23h 56min 04sec

Mean orbital velocity = 29.79 km/sec

Polar diameter = 12,713.824 km

Equatorial diameter = 12,756.776 km

Tipping Etiquette

A tip is a gift or sum of money tendered for a service performed or anticipated. It is given voluntarily or beyond obligation. Tipping is prevalent worldwide, but few commonly accepted practices are as fraught with confusion. Here are a few guidelines on tipping.

Tip 20% for excellent service, 15% for very good service, and 10% for adequate.

Tip on the before-tax price.

Carry a lot of dollar bills.

Do not tip if automatic gratuity is included.

Do not make a show of your generosity.

Do not be intimidated into a tip.

At least say thank-you.

Folklore has it that tipping began generations ago in England when an employee put a moneybox on a table and wrote the words to insure promptness on it. The first three letters of each word survived to make up our word tip. Tipping is a personal act based on the quality of service a person has received, and the practices in the country where that person is travelling.

Here is a list that suggests what is generally considered to be adequate amounts to tip various people for services rendered.

Restaurant:

Waiter or Waitress: 15% of bill

Headwaiter/ma√Ætre d': None unless special services are provided, then about $5

Busboy: None

Wine Steward: 15% of wine bill

Bartender: 10-15% of bar bill

Coat check attendant: $1 for one or two coats

Restroom attendant: $0.50

Carpark attendant: $1

Owner: None

Servers at counter: 15% of bill

Hotel:

Chambermaid: No tip for one-night stay; $1 a night or $5-10 a week

Room service waiter: 15% of bill

Bellhop: $10 for bringing luggage to room; $5 for showing of room

Lobby attendant: None for opening the door or calling taxi from stand; $1 or more for help with luggage or finding a taxi on the street

Desk clerk: None unless special service is given during long stay

Train:

Dining car waiter: 15% of bill

Stewards: 15% of bill

Redcaps: Posted rate plus $0.50

Airports:

Skycaps: $1 or more per bag

In-flight personnel: None

Taxi:

Driver: 15% of fare, no less than $0.25

Barbershop:

Haircutter: 15% of the cost, minimum of $1

Beauty Shop:

one operator: 15% of bill

several operators: 10% of bill to person who sets hair; 10% divided among others

Manicurist: $1 or more

Owner: None

Sports Arena:

Usher: $0.50 to $1 per party if shown to seat

Parking Garage:

Parking attendant: $1; $5 suggested if attendant helps with luggage

Topcat's gang

Topcat

Benny The Ball

Choo-choo

Fancy Fancy

Spook

Brains

Twelve apostles

Simon, called Peter

Andrew, his brother

James, son of Zebedee and his brother John

Philip

Bartholomew

Thomas

Matthew, the tax collector

James, son of Alpheus

Thaddeus

Simon of Cannae

Judas Iscariot

Twelve labours of Hercules

Kill the Nemean lion.

Destroy the Lernean hydra.

Capture the Erymanthian boar alive.

Capture the Ceryneian stag alive.

Kill the Stymphalian birds.

Clean the Augean stables.

Bring the Cretan bull alive into Peloponnesus .

Obtain the horses of Diomedes.

Obtain the girdle of Hippolyte.

Kill the monster and cattle of Geryon.

Obtain the apples of the Hesperides.

Bring Cerberus the three headed dog of Hades from the infernal regions.

Two letter Scrabble words

aa (type of lava)

ae (Scots word for one)

ai (three-toed sloth)

ar (the letter "R")

ay ("Yes")

ba (the soul)

bi (bisexual)

bo (startling interjection)

ch (obsolete dialect pronoun)

da (a burmese knife)

di (plural of deus)

ea (dialect word meaning river)

ee (Scot's word for eye)

ef (the letter "F")

el (the letter "L")

en (the letter "N")

es (the letter "S")

fy (interjection expressing disapproval)

gi (judo costume)

gu (violin)

io (interjection expressing joy)

jo (Scots word for a loved one)

ka (the spirit or soul)

ko (Maori digging stick)

ky (Scots word for cows)

li (Chinese unit of distance)

mo (old word for more)

na (Scots word for "no")

nu (Greek letter)

ny (obsolete spelling of "nigh")

ob (an objection)

od (a hypothetical force)

oe (same as "oy")

om (an intoned Hindu sacred symbol)

oo (Scots form of wool)

os (a bone)

ou (Scots interjection expressing concession)

oy (Scots word for grandchild)

ph (number expressing acidity)

po (short form of chamberpot)

qi (life force)

sh (interjection requesting silence)

si (An early form of "ti", a musical note)

st (interjection expressing silence)

te (same as "ti", a musical note)

ti (a musical note)

ut (syllable representing "doh", a musical note)

wo (variant of "woe")

xi (greek letter)

xu (Vietnamese coin)

yu (precious jade)

zo (Himalayan animal)

Type sizes (archaic)

3ÔæΩ Brilliant

4 Gem

4ÔæΩ Diamond

5 Pearl

5ÔæΩ Ruby or Agate

6 Nonpareil

6ÔæΩ Emerald

7 Minion

8 Brevier

9 Bourgeois

10 Long Primer

11 Small Pica

12 Pica

14 English

18 Great Primer

24 2 Line Pica

36 3 Line Pica

UK Lottery

Estimated average weekly winnings:

Match 3 numbers: Ôæ£10

Match 4 numbers: Ôæ£65

Match 5 numbers: Ôæ£1,500

Match 6 numbers: Ôæ£2 million

Odds:

Match 3 nos: 1 in 57

Match 4 nos: 1 in 1,033

Match 5 nos: 1 in 55,492

Match 5 nos. bonus: 1 in

2,330,636

Match 6 nos: 1 in 13,983,816

UK Prime Ministers

Name Dates

Sir Robert Walpole 1721-1742

Earl of Wilmington 1742-1743

Henry Pelham Whig 1743-1754

Duke of Newcastle 1754-1756

Duke of Devonshire 1756-1757

Duke of Newcastle 1757-1762

Earl of Bute 1762-1763

George Grenville 1763-1765

Marquis of Rockingham 1765-1766

Earl of Chatham 1766-1768

Duke of Grafton 1768-1770

Lord North 1770-1782

Marquis of Rockingham 1782

Earl of Selburne 1782-1783

Duke of Portland 1783

William Pitt 1783-1801

Henry Addington 1801-1804

William Pitt 1804-1806

Lord William Grenville 1806-1807

Duke of Portland 1807-1809

Spencer Percival 1809-1812

Earl of Liverpool 1812-1827

Goerge Canning 1827

Viscount Goderich 1827-1828

Duke of Wellington 1828-1839

Earl Grey Whig 1830-1834

Viscount Melbourne 1834

Duke of Wellington 1834

Sir Robert Peel 1834-1835

Viscount Melbourne 1835-1841

Sir Robert Peel 1841-1846

Lord John Russell 1846-1852

Earl of Derby 1852

Earl of Aberdeen 1852-1855

Viscount Palmerston 1855-1858

Earl of Derby 1858-1859

Viscount Palmerston 1859-1865

Earl Russell 1865-1866

Earl of Derby 1866-1868

Benjamin Disraeli 1868

William Gladstone 1868-1874

Benjamin Disraeli 1874-1880

William Gladstone 1880-1885

Marquis of Salisbury 1885-1886

William Gladstone 1886

Marquis of Salisbury 1886-1892

William Gladstone 1892-1894

Earl of Rosebery 1894-1895

Marquis of Salisbury 1895-1902

Arthur Balfour 1902-1905

Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman 1905-1908

Herbert Henry Asquith 1908-1916

David Lloyd George 1916-1922

Andrew Bonar Law 1922-1923

Stanley Baldwin 1923-1924

James R MacDonald 1924

Stanley Baldwin 1924-1929

James R MacDonald 1929-1935

Stanley Baldwin 1935-1937

Neville Chamberlain 1937-1940

Winston Churchill 1940-1945

Clement Atlee 1945-1951

Sir Winston Churchill 1951-1955

Sir Antony Eden 1955-1957

Harold Macmillan 1957-1963

Sir Alec Douglas-Home 1963-1964

Harold Wilson 1964-1970

Edward Heath 1970-1974

Harold Wilson 1974-1976

James Callaghan 1976-1979

Margaret Thatcher 1979-1990

John Major 1990-1997

Anthony Blair 1997-

UK Sea Areas

Bailey

Bell rock

Biscay

Channel

Cromarty

Dogger

Dover

Dowsing

Faeroes

Fair Isle

Fastnet

Finisterre

Fisher

Forties

Forth

German Bight

Hebrides

Humber

Iceland

Irish Sea

Jersey

Lundy

Malin

Malin Head

Plymouth

Portland

Rockall

Ronaldsway

Royal Sovereign

Scilly

Shannon

Sole

Sumburgh

Thames

Tiree

Tyne

Utsire

Valentia

Varne

Viking

Wight

UK Slang for Money

Ôæ£1 Quid/Nicker

Ôæ£5 Fiver

Ôæ£10 Tenner

Ôæ£25 Pony

Ôæ£100 Century

Ôæ£500 Monkey

Ôæ£1000 Grand

UN Secretary-Generals

No. Name, First name, Term, Nationality

1. Lie, Trygve, 1946-1952, Norway

2. Hammarskj√∂ld, Dag, 1953-1961, Sweden

3. Thant, Sithu U, 1961-1972, Burma

4. Waldheim, Kurt, 1972-1981, Austria

6. Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 1992-1996, Egypt

7. Annan, Kofi, 1997-present, Ghana

US Banknotes

Woodrow Wilson: $100,000

Salmon P. Chase: $10,000

James Madison: $5,000

Grover Cleveland: $1,000

William McKinley: $500

Benjamin Franklin: $100

Ulysses S Grant: $50

Andrew Jackson: $20

Alexander Hamilton: $10

Abraham Lincoln: $5

George Washington: $1

US Presidents

Name Dates

George Washington 1789-1797

John Adamst 1797-1801

Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809

James Madison 1809-1817

James Monroe 1817-1825

John Quincy Adams 1825-1829

Andrew Jackson 1829-1837

Martin Van Buren 1837-1841

William Harrison 1841

John Tyler 1841-1845

James Polk 1845-1849

Zacharay Tylor 1849-1850

Millard Fillmore 1850-1853

Franklin Pierce 1853-1857

James Buchanan 1853-1861

Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865

Andrew Johnson 1865-1869

Ulysses S Grant 1869-1877

Rutherford B Hayes 1877-1881

James A Garfield 1881

Chester A Arthur 1881-1885

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889

Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893

Grover Cleveland 1893-1897

William McKinley 1897-1901

Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

William H Taft 1909-1913

Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921

Warren G Harding 1921-1923

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929

Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

Franklin D Roosevelt 1933-1945

Harry S Truman 1945-1953

Dwight D Eisenhower 1953-1961

John F Kennedy 1961-1963

Lyndon B Johnson 1963-1969

Richard M Nixon 1969-1974

Gerald Ford 1974-1977

James Carter 1977-1981

Ronald Reagan 1981-1989

George Bush 1989-1993

William Clinton 1993-2000

George W Bush 2001-

US Presidents Jobs

Ronald Reagan - Actor

George Bush - Oilman

Jimmy Carter - Peanut Farmer

Harry Truman - Haberdasher

Theodore Roosevelt - Rancher

George Washington - Surveyor

US States

State In Capital Phone

Alabama AL Montgomery 334

Alaska AK Juneau 907

Arizona AZ Phoenix 602

Arkansas AR Little Rock 501

California CA Sacramento 916

Colorado CO Denver 303

Connecticut CT Hartford 860

Delaware DE Dover 302

Florida FL Tallahassee 850

Georgia GA Atlanta 404

Hawaii HI Honolulu 808

Idaho ID Boise 208

Illinois IL Springfield 217

Indiana IN Indianapolis 317

Iowa IA Des Moines 515

Kansas KA Topeka 785

Kentucky KY Frankfort 502

Louisiana LA Baton Rouge 225

Maine ME Augusta 207

Maryland MD Annapolis 410

Massachusetts MA Boston 617

Michigan MI Lansing 517

Minnesota MN St. Paul 612

MississippiMS Jackson 601

Missouri MO Jefferson City 573

Montana MT Helena 406

Nebraska NE Lincoln 402

Nevada NV Carson City 775

New Hampshire NH Concord 603

New Jersey NJ Trenton 609

New Mexico NM Santa Fe 505

New York NY Albany 518

North Carolina NC Raleigh 919

North Dakota ND Bismarck 701

Ohio OH Columbus 614

Oklahoma OK Oklahoma City 405

Oregon OR Salem 503

Pennsylvania PA Harrisburg 717

Rhode Island RI Providence 401

South Carolina SC Columbia 803

South Dakota SD Pierre 605

Tennessee TN Nashville 615

Texas TX Austin 512

Utah UT Salt Lake City 801

Vermont VT Montpelier 802

Virginia VA Richmond 804

Washington WA Olympia 360

West Virg. WV Charleston 304

Wisconsin WI Madison 608

Wyoming WY Cheyenne 307

District of Columbia DC Washington 202

Guam GU Agana 671

Puerto Rico PR San Juan 787

US Virgin Is.VI Charlotte Amalie 340

Northern Mariana Islands MP Saipan 670

Visible Spectrum

The visible spectrum can be seen by passing light through a glass prism.

Colours Remember them by

Red Richard

Orange Of

Yellow York

Green Gave

Blue Battle

Indigo In

Violet Vain

Here are average wave lengths for these colours:

Red 700nm

Orange 590nm

Yellow 570nm

Green 530nm

Blue 480nm

Indigo 470nm

Violet 430nm

Vitamins

Vitamin A (Retinol, Carotene is precursor)

Needed for healthy skin, mucous membranes and night vision. Found mainly in liver, milk, dairy products, eggs, carrots, fresh veg. Gross deficiency causes xerophthalmia, eye skin problems. Overdose in supplementation can cause problems, particularly in pregant lactating mothers.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin, Aneurine)

Needed for metabolising carbohydrates into energy in muscles and nervous system. Found mainly in cereals, meat, peas, beans, nuts and yeast extract. Gross deficiency causes Beriberi, tiredness, headaches, digestive problems. Alcoholics may be deficient.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Lactoflavin, Vitamin G)

Needed for growth, food breakdown, healthy skin and eyes. Found mainly in liver, meat, dairy products, eggs and cereals. Gross deficiency causes skin lesions, sore or ulcerated lips and mouth. Large amounts may colour urine bright yellow.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide, Tryptophan is precursor)

Needed for producing energy, maintaining healthy nervous system, digestive function and skin. Found in many foods, beef, pork, fish, nuts, chicken, coffee, yeast extract. Gross deficiency causes pellagra.

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid, Pantothenate)

Needed to release energy from fats, proteins and carbohydrates, aids resistance to infection and helps healthy skin, found in many foods, eg: liver, kidneys, fish, eggs, wholegrains, pulses and nuts. Also manufactured in intestine.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine)

Needed for healthy skin, blood, nerves and hormone production. Found in liver, yeast extracts, wholegrains, eggs, beef, fish etc. Also manufactured in intestine. Supplementation may improve PMT symptoms in women.

Folic Acid (Folate, Folacin, Vitamin B9, Vitamin M, Vitamin Bc)

Needed to produce red blood cells. Found in green veg, liver, kidney, mushrooms and yeast. Needed by precnant women to reduce spina bifida and neural tube defects. Gross deficiency causes megaloblastic anaemia.

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocolbalamine)

Needed for growth and proper formation of red blood cells. Found mainly in liver, meat, fish, dairy products and eggs as well as yeast products (Marmite, Beer). Not present in vegetables, vegans may be deficient. Gross deficiency causes pernicious anaemia (usually through malabsorption).

Biotin (Vitamin H)

Aids metabolism, needed for healthy skin, hair, nerves etc. Found in liver, wholegrains, eggs, fish, nuts, yeast. Avidin in raw egg whites can impair absorption.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid, Ascorbate)

Needed for cell growth. Found mainly in breakfast foods and fruit-related products. Gross deficiency causes scurvy.

Vitamin D (Calciferol, Ergocalciferol)

Needed for healthy bones and teeth. Found mainly in fatty fish, eggs butter and milk. Can also be made by the action of sunlight on skin. Gross deficiency causes rickets. Overdose in supplementattion can cause problems, particularly in pregant lactating mothers.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

Antioxidant, protects other vitamins fats. Found in meat and vegetable oils.

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)

Needed for proper blood clotting. Mostly manufactured in intestine, found in cauliflower leafy green veg, liver, fish oils, yogurt.

Voice Ranges

Soprano - Highest Female voice

Mezzo Soprano - Between Soprano Contralto

Contralto - Lowest female voice

Alto - Highest male voice

Tenor - High male voice (counter tenor is even higher)

Baritone - Between tenor bass

Bass - Lowest male voice

Volcanoes

Cameroun

Cotopaxi

Etna

Fujiyama

Hecla

Mauna Loa

Popacatapetl

Mount St. Helens

Stromboli

Tristan de Cunha

Vesuvius

Waterfalls - high and famous

Falls, Country, Drop in metres

Eastgreenlandstreem (multiple steps, submarine), Danmarkstreet, 3400

Salto Angel (Angel Fall), Venezuela, 979

Yosemite Fall, USA, 739

Utigardfall, Norway, 610

Kukenaamfall, Venezuela, 610

Sutherland-Falls (3 steps), New Zealand, 579

Kile, Norway, 561

Tugela Fall, South Africa, 540

King George VI-Falls, Guayana, 488

Roraima Fall, Guayana, 457

Cleve-Garth-Falls, Neuseeland, 450

Kalambo Fall, Tanzania, 427

Uitschifalls, Guayana, 420

Gavarnie-Falls (2-3 steps), France, 421

Takakkawfall, Canada, 400

Krimmler Waterfalls (3 steps), Austria, 380

Lofoifalls, Congo, 350

Wollomombifalls, Australia, 335

Seriofall, Italy, 315

Gie√übachfalls (7-15 steps), Switzerland, 300

Mardalsfoss, Norway, 297

Staubbachfall, Switzerland, 287

Vettisfalls, Norway, 260

Gersoppafalls, India, 250

Kaieteur Falls, Guayana, 226

Velinofalls, Italy, 180

Triberger Falls, Germany, 162

Viktoriafalls, Zimbabwe, 120

Lower Falls, USA, 94

Huangguoshu-Wasserfall, China, 74

Niagara Falls, Canada, USA, 63

Rheinfall, Switzerland, 19

Weightlifting Divisions

Class, Weight (lifter)

Flyweight, 54 kg

Bantamweight, 59 kg

Featherweight, 64 kg

Lightweight, 70 kg

Middleweight, 76 kg

Light heavyweight, 83 kg

Middle heavyweight, 91 kg

1. Heavyweight, 99 kg

2. Heavyweight, 108 kg

Super heavyweight, > 108 kg

Wind chill-Factor

The Wind is the apparent temperature felt on the exposed human (or animal) body due to the combination of air temperature and wind speed. The table shows some values for example:

v Tchill

0 +4 +2 0 -3 -6 -8 -10 -20

9 +2 0 -3 -6 -9 -11 -13 -24

19 -4 -7 -9 -13 -17 -19 -22 -35

28 -7 -10 -13 -17 -21 -24 -27 -40

37 -9 -12 -15 -20 -24 -27 -30 -44

46 -11 -14 -17 -22 -26 -29 -32 -47

56 -12 -15 -18 -23 -28 -31 -34 -50

65 -13 -16 -19 -23 -29 -32 -35 -51

Tchill = wind chill temperature (in Ôæ∞C)

v = air speed(in km/h)

Wind speeds - Beaufort scale

No. MPH International Spec

Description

0 1 Calm

Calm; smoke rises vertically

1 1-3 Light Air

Direction of wind shown by smoke drift not by wind vanes

2 4-7 Light Breeze

Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; vanes moved by wind

3 8-12 Gentle Breeze

Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends light flag

4 13-18 Moderate

Raises dust, loose paper; small branches moved

5 19-24 Fresh

Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters

6 25-31 Strong

Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty

7 32-38 Near Gale

Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt walking against the wind

8 39-46 Gale

Breaks twigs off trees; impedes progress

9 47-54 Strong Gale

Slight structural damage occurs

10 55-63 Storm

Trees uprooted; considerable damage occurs

11 64-72 Violent Storm

Widespread damage

12 73-82 Hurricane

Wine storage

Store in cool dark place, between 7Ôæ∞C and 18Ôæ∞C, to prevent premature ageing.

Use a damp cellar or cool ventilated cupboard.

Keep the bottles on their sides so that the wine inside keeps the cork wet. If the cork dries out it will allow air through to the wine, which will oxidise and turn to vinegar.

Wombles

Wellington

Orinocco

Madame Cholet

Uncle Bulgaria

Toblemory

Tomsk

Wonders of the World

Colossus (Statue of Helios) of Rhodes

Hanging Gardens of Semiramis at Babylon

Lighthouse on Pharos at Alexandria

Tomb of King Mausolus of Caria at Halicarnassus

Pyramid of King Cheops

Statue of Zeus at Olympia

Temple of Diana (Artemis) at Ephesus

Caves of the Pyrenees

Rio de Janeiro Harbour

Victoria Falls (Africa)

Paricutin (Mexico)

Word Trivia

1) The longest word that only uses letters from the top row of a

keyboard is TYPEWRITER

2) A sentence that uses the same word 7 times in a row!

"Adam, where Eve had had "had had", had had "had"."

World cities

(population in millions)

Tokyo Japan 27.2

Mexico City Mexico 16.9

Sao Paulo Brazil 16.8

New York USA 16.4

Bombay India 15.7

Shanghai China 13.7

Los Angeles USA 12.6

Calcutta India 12.1

Buenos Aires Argentina11.9

Seoul Korea 11.8

Beijing China 11.4

Lagos Nigeria 10.9

Osaka Japan 10.6

Delhi India 10.3

World Expos

Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations

Great Britain/London

Time: 1. May - 11. October 1851

Exposition Universelle

France/Paris

Time: 15. May - 15. November 1855

International Exhibtion of 1862

Great Britain/London

Time: 1. May - 1. November 1862

Great Industrial Exhibition

France/Paris

Time: 1. April - 3. November 1867

Weltausstellung 1873 Wien

Austria/Viena

Time: 1. May - 31. October 1873

Contennial Exposition

USA/Philadelphia

Time: 10. May - 10. November 1876

Exposition Universelle

France/Paris

Time: 20. May - 10. November 1878

Exposition Universelle

France/Paris

Time: 6. May - 31. October 1889

World's Columbian Exposition

USA/Chicago

Time: 1. Mai - 30. October 1893

Exposition Universelle

Belgiu/Brussels

Time: 10. May - 8. November 1897

Exposition Universelle

France/Paris

Time: 15. April - 12. November 1900

Louisiana Purchase Exposition

USA/St. Louis

Time: 30. April - 1. Dezember 1904

Exposition Universelle

Belgium/Li√©ge

Time: 27. April - 6. November 1905

Exposition Universelle et Internationale

Belgium/Brussels

Time: 23. April - 7. November 1910

Panama-Pacific Exposition

USA/San Francisco

Time: 20. Februar - 4. Dezember 1915

Exposici√≥n Internacional de Barcelona

Spain/Barcelona

Time: 20. May 1929 - 15. January 1930

Exposition Coloniale Internationale

France/Paris

Time: 1931

Century of Progress International Exposition

USA/Chicago

Time: 27. Mai - 12. November 1933 and 25. May - 31. October 1934

Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Bruxelles

Belgium/Brussels

Time: 27. April - 6. November 1935

Exposition Universelle

France/Paris

Time: 25. May - 25. November 1937

New York World's Fair

USA/New York

Time: 30. April - 31. October 1939 and 11. May - 27. October 1940

Golden Gate International Exposition

USA/San Francisco

Time: 1939 and 1940

Expo '58

Belgium/Brussels

Time: 17. April - 19. October 1958

1962 Seattle World's Fair

USA/Seattle

Time: 21. April - 21. October 1962

New York World's Fair

USA/New York

Time: 22. April - 18. October 1964 and 21. April - 17. October 1965

Expo '67

Canada/Montreal

Time: 28. April - 27. October 1967

Hemisfair '68

USA/San Antonio

Time: 6. April - 6. October 1968

Expo '70

Japan/Osaka

Time: 15. March - 13. September 1970

Expo '74

USA/Spokane

Time: 4. May - 3. November 1974

Expo '75

Japan/Okinawa

Time: 1975

1982 World's Fair

USA/Knoxville

Time: 1. May - 31. October 1982

1984 Louisiana World Exposition

USA/New Orleans

Time: 12. May - 11. November 1984

Expo '85

Japan/Tsukuba

Time: 17. March - 16. September 1985

Expo '86

Canada/Vancouver

Time: 2. May - 13. October 1986

World Expo '88

Australien/Brisbane

Time: 30. April - 30. October 1988

1991

Bulgarien/Plovdiv

Time: 7. June - 7. July 1991

Expo '92

Spain/Sevilla

Time: 20. April - 12. October 1992

Genoa Expo '92

Italy/Genoa

Time: May - August 1992

Expo '93

Korea/Taejon

Time: 7. August - 7. November 1993

Expo '98

Portugal/Lisbon

Time: 22. May - 30. September 1998

Expo 2000

Germany/Hanover

Time: 1. June - 31. October 2000

2002

Switzerland/Zurich

Time: 15. May - 20. October 2002

WW1 Military Forces

Russia - 12.000.000

Germany - 11.000.000

British Empire - 8.904.467

France - 8.410.000

Austria/Hungary - 7.800.000

Italy - 5.615.000

USA - 4.355.000

Turkey - 2.850.000

Bulgaria - 1.200.000

Japan - 800.000

Romania - 750.000

Serbia - 707.343

WW1 Military Losses

Germany - 1,773,000

Russia - 1,700,000

France - 1,357,000

Austria/Hungary - 1,200,000

British Empire - 908,000

Italy - 650,000

Romania - 335,000

Turkey - 325,000

USA - 116,500

Bulgaria - 87,500

Serbia - 45,000

Belgium - 13,700

Portugal- 7,200

Greece - 5,000

Montenegro - 3,000

Japan - 320

TOTAL ~ 8.526.220

All figures should be handled with care and taken as indication of the dimensions.

WW2 Military Forces

USSR - 12,500,000

USA - 12,364,000

Germany - 10,000,000

Japan - 6,095,000

France - 5,700,000

UK - 4,683,000

Italy - 4,500,000

China - 3,800,000

India - 2,150,000

Poland - 1,000,000

WW2 Military Losses

USSR - 13,600,000

Germany - 3,300,000

China - 1,324,000

Japan - 1,140,000

British Empire - 357,000

Romania - 350,000

Poland - 320,000

Yugoslavia - 305,000

USA - 292,000

Italy - 279,000

TOTAL ~ 21,267,000

All figures should be handled with care and taken as indication of the dimensions.

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Airline Codes

Angles

Anniversaries (UK)

Apollo missions

Apollo missions (cont.)

Artificial languages

ASCII standard characters

Attraction Signs

Balls and their sizes

Basic English Prosody (Poetry)

Beer measures

Best and worst films ever

Bible - The Apocrypha

Bible - The New Testament

Bible - The Old Testament

Bible - Translations

Biomes

Birthstones

Booker Prize Winners

Boxing Weight Divisions

British Criminal Slang

British Titles

BT Phone sockets

Busiest Natural Attractions (US)

Buying a second hand car

Caesars

Cannes Festival Golden Palms

Car Stopping Distances

Champagne Bottles

Chess World Champions

Chinese Chronology

Chinese Horoscope

Collective nouns

Collectors

Common laws

Commonwealth Nations

Composition of the Universe

Conversions - area

Conversions - distance

Conversions - Energy and Power

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Conversions - weight

Daily naval toasts

Days of the week

Death Risks

Decorations and medals

Deepest Caves

Dewey Decimal Classification

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Doctor Who

Earth's Eras

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Egyptian Chronology

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EPP/ECP Parallel link Cable Pinouts

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Equations - Dynamics

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Equations - General Mathematics

Euro Countries

European countries

Eurovision Song Contest Winners

Famous Lovers

Famous Novels